<p>Citico  is a prehistoric and historic Native American site in Monroe County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. The sites namesake Cherokee village was the largest of the Overhill towns, housing an estimated Indian population of 1,000 by the mid-18th century. The Mississippian village that preceded the sites Cherokee occupation is believed to have been the village of "Satapo" visited by the Juan Pardo expedition in 1567.</p><br>
<p>The Citico (ᏏᏘᎫ) site is now submerged by the Tellico Lake impoundment of the Little Tennessee River, created by the completion of Tellico Dam at the mouth of the river in 1979. The modern community of Citico Beach has developed along the shoreline above the ancient site. The lake is managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Tellico Lake covers the lower 33 mi of the Little Tennessee River, which flows down from the mountains to the south and traverses parts of Blount, Monroe, and Loudon counties before emptying into the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. The Citico site was situated along the southwest bank of the river immediately below the rivers confluence with Citico Creek, which empties into the river approximately 31 mi upstream from the rivers mouth. Citico is located in an area where the Great Smoky Mountains and the Unicoi Mountains give way to the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley Province.</p><br>
<p>Citico Beach is located along Highway 455 approximately 14 mi south of Vonore. The Citico site is also visible from the Harrison Branch boat ramp, which is located just off USA Route 129 2 mi south of Pumpkin Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Satapo</h3><br>
<p>On October 16, 1567, an expedition led by Spanish explorer Juan Pardo arrived at a village known as "Satapo" while en route to Coosa, a powerful chiefdom centered in modern northern Georgia. Research conducted by anthropologist Charles Hudson in the 1980s suggests that Satapo was situated at the Citico site in Monroe County, and that the two names are linguistically related. According to Hudson, the Pardo expedition left Olamico (on Zimmerman&#39;s Island, now submerged by Douglas Lake) on October 13 and traveled southwest across the foothills of the Great Smokies, crossing Little River at modern-day Walland and traversing Happy Valley to arrive at "Chalahume" (Chilhowee) in the Little Tennessee Valley on October 15. After the expedition made its way to Satapo the following day, a friendly native warned Pardo of a plot against him, and the expedition returned to Olamico shortly thereafter.</p><br>
<p>Hudson speculates that when the Cherokee replaced Satapos Muskogeean-speaking Mississippian inhabitants, the Cherokee kept the sites name. However, as the Cherokee language lacks bilabial stops, the "p" sound in "Satapo" was replaced with a "k" sound, giving the site its Cherokee name.</p><br>
<h3>The Cherokee period</h3><br>
<p>The Cherokee believed that a cliff overlooking Citico was once home the "Tlanuwas"— two giant hawks that terrorized people in the valley until a high priest managed to rob their nest and drop their eggs in the water below, where they were devoured by the Uktena. A Cherokee village thrived at Citico when English explorers and traders began entering the Tennessee Valley in large numbers in the early 18th century. Citicos "head man" was among the chiefs who met with Colonel George Chicken at Tanasi in 1725 to form an alliance against the hostile Creeks. Citico appears on George Hunters 1730 map of the Cherokee region and is mentioned by Alexander Cuming that same year as being one of the Overhill towns headed by a "prince" (i.e., not headed by a "king," and thus not a "mother town").</p><br>
<p>Captain Henry Timberlake, who visited the Overhill towns on a peace mission (the Timberlake Expedition) in 1761–1762, reported 204 warriors at Citico, the most of any Overhill town. Cheulah, the head man of Citico, greeted Timberlake with a ceremonial dance involving 400 townspeople and presented Timberlake with a string of beads. At a pipe-smoking ceremony held afterward at the Citico townhouse, Timberlake recalled smoking so many peace pipes that he "could not stir for several hours."</p><br>
<h3>Decline and Early European Settlement</h3><br>
<p>The Overhill Cherokee consistently found themselves at odds with encroaching Euro-American settlers. After the Cherokee aligned themselves with the British in the American Revolution, the colonies dispatched forces under Colonel William Christian and General Griffith Rutherford to subdue the Overhill towns in 1776. When War Chief Dragging Canoe refused to settle for peace, Christian burned five Overhill towns, including Citico. The town burned had already been deserted because its entire population had chosen to follow Dragging Canoes move to the southwest, where they re-established themselves at the mouth of a small creek in a town of the same name in what is now Chattanooga. Historian J. G. M. Ramsey reported a conference between militia commander John Sevier and Cherokee Chief Hanging Maw held at the original Citico in 1782 in which the two sides agreed to a truce. Ramsey goes on to relate a violent encounter two years later between Major James Hubbard and Untoola— a Cherokee "head man" known as the "Gun Rod of Citico"— that left Untoola dead and led to a warrant being issued for Hubbards arrest.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1780s, a company of scouts led by Captain John Fain was collecting (or stealing) apples at the former site of Citico when they were ambushed by a band of Cherokees. Sixteen of Fains men were killed, and 4 were wounded. A militia force led by Captain Nathaniel Evans arrived shortly thereafter to find several scalped and disemboweled bodies. Evans eventually linked up with Seviers larger force, and the combined force set out in pursuit of the Cherokee responsible for the slaughter.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, Scots-Irish, English, and German families increasingly began to settle along the isolated ridges and hollows of the Citico Creek Wilderness. Citico Baptist Church, founded in the 1840s by the Rev. William Clinton Millsaps, is the burial site for many of these early settlers.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>While Paleo-Indian fluted points and Archaic period (8000–1000 BCE) artifacts were uncovered at Citico and a substantial Woodland period (1000 BCE–1000 CE) site was located at nearby Harrison Branch, Citico probably did not rise to prominence until the 16th century. Around this time, Citico is believed to have superseded Toqua as the dominant Dallas phase (ca. 1300–1550 CE) Mississippian village in the Little Tennessee Valley.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, a mound survey conducted by the Smithsonian Institution reported eight mounds— one "temple" mound and seven smaller mounds— at the Citico site. The temple mound contained at least 91 burials. A brief excavation carried out by the Knoxville Chapter of the Tennessee Archaeological Society uncovered several Woodland, Mississippian, and Cherokee artifacts, including shell gorgets and knife blades. The chapter also reported a Cherokee burial accompanied by a musket, knife, steatite pipe, and glass beads.</p><br>
<p>In anticipation of the flooding of the site by Tellico Lake, University of Tennessee researchers conducted excavations at Citico in the late 1960s and late 1970s. Excavators uncovered the posthole patterns of 11 domestic structures, 55 burials, 119 features, and over 30,000 ceramics. The structures included two rectangular summer house/circular winter house pairings characteristic of Overhill Cherokee dwellings, a small circular structure, a square structure, and five rectangular structures. One of the rectangular structures was associated with the site&#39;s Mississippian occupation, while the other 10 structures dated to the Cherokee period. These excavations also uncovered Spanish materials, including Clarksdale bells, lending further evidence to the theory that Citico was indeed the Satapo visited by the Pardo expedition in 1567. An analysis of faunal remains from the Cherokee period showed a heavy reliance upon deer and bear for meat supplements which gradually gave way to a reliance upon domesticated animals, such as hogs and chickens, due to increased adoption of Euro-American agricultural methods.</p><br>
<p>The Bellefonte Forge House, also known as the John Dunlop House, is located just south of Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, in Spring Township, Centre County. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its connection with prominent figures in the iron industry of the early 19th century and because of its domestic architecture influenced by the Federal style.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1803 by an ironmaster, John Dunlop, who lived there with his wife and four daughters until he was killed in an iron mine collapse in October 1814. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Made of limestone, this -story house was constructed in the vernacular form of the Federal or Georgian style with ten and a half foot ceiling heights. It originally had nine fireplaces, but two were removed to make a modern kitchen in the 1930s. It is thought that a John G. Lowry was the architect, as he was the only registered architect in the area at that time and was also in the employment of his cousin, John Dunlop. Building receipts for the finish carpenter, John Patterson, can still be found in the Centre County Library and Historical Museum in Bellefonte.</p><br>
<h2>Role in the Iron Industry</h2><br>
<p>In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Bellefonte became the center of a large iron industry. John Dunlop was one of the most energetic and prosperous of those that went into that business, building Harmony Forge (1795), Belle Font Forge (1797), Logan Furnace (1797), and Washington Forge (1810). It was his father, Lt. Col. James Dunlop, and his brother-in-law, James Dunlop Harris (1797-1842) one time, Principal engineer of the Pennsylvania Main Line of Public works, who actually laid out the town, now a Borough, of Bellefonte from land that John Dunlop owned.</p><br>
<h2>After John Dunlop&#39;s death</h2><br>
<p>After John Dunlop&#39;s death, his iron business was rented, then bought by ironmasters in the Valentine family 1815–1879. This home represents the wealth of those ironmasters as the Valentines added the Victorian porches in the 1860s.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Bellefonte Forge House was continuously used until 1994, when it became vacant and was damaged by vandals and animals. However, after 2001 it was restored to its past condition by Michael C. Immel.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Bellefonte Forge House still overlooks the water of Logan&#39;s Branch where John Dunlop started his Belle Font Forge in 1797.</p><br>
<p>Munson Valley Historic District is the headquarters and main support area for Crater Lake National Park in southern Oregon. The National Park Service chose Munson Valley for the park headquarters because of its central location within the park. Because of the unique rustic architecture of the Munson Valley buildings and the surrounding park landscape, the area was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1988. The district has eighteen contributing buildings, including the Crater Lake Superintendents Residence which is a USA National Historic Landmark and separately listed on the NRHP. The districts NRHP listing was decreased in area in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Crater Lake lies inside a caldera created 7,700 years ago when the 12,000 ft high Mount Mazama collapsed following a large volcanic eruption. Over the following millennium, the caldera was filled with rain water forming today&#39;s lake. The Klamath Indians revered Crater Lake for its deep blue waters. In 1853, three gold miners found the lake. They named it Deep Blue Lake, but because the lake was so high in the Cascade Mountains the discovery was soon forgotten.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, William Gladstone Steel accompanied a United States Geological Survey party led by Captain Clarence Dutton to survey Crater Lake. The team carried a half-ton survey boat, the Cleetwood, up the steep mountain slope and lowered it 2,000 ft into the lake. During the visit, Steel named many of the lakes landmarks including Wizard Island, Llao Rock, and Skell Head. The lakes natural beauty made a great impression on Steel. As a result, when he returned from survey trip, he began advocating that Crater Lake be established as a national park.</p><br>
<p>On 22 May 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the bill making Crater Lake the Nations sixth national park. The United States Department of the Interior was charged with developing road access and visitor services for the park. This was a difficult job because of the parks remote location at the summit of the Cascade Mountains. By 1905, a "steep and tortuous" road to the crater rim had been completed. This access road was essential for the future development of the park.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, Congress appropriated funds for the Army Corps of Engineers to build a road around Crater Lake. The initial road survey identified the northern end of Munson Valley, 3 mi south of the rim, as the best site for the road crew&#39;s seasonal headquarters and supply depot. Not only was Munson Valley a central location, the surrounding valley provided timber for expanding the park facilities. However, United States entry into World War I slowed development of park infrastructure. The road around the lake was finally finished 1918. Once the road was completed, the National Park Service continued to use the Munson Valley site as a staging area for development projects throughout the park.</p><br>
<h2>Government Camp</h2><br>
<p>By 1924, the Munson Valley facilities were known as "Government Camp" and the site had become the parks summer headquarters. Though the site had adequate space, the facilities were poorly designed and cheaply constructed. In 1925, National Park Service approved a master plan for developing Munson Valley. The development program began in 1927, and was overseen by the National Park Services Landscape Engineering Division, headed by Thomas C. Vint. The major components of the plan included construction of new administrative buildings, a new maintenance area, living quarters for park staff and seasonal employees, and general support buildings.</p><br>
<p>Between 1927 and 1930, a park warehouse, mess hall, bear-proof meat-house, comfort station with employee restrooms and showers, four small cottages, and two utility buildings were built. All these structures were designed in a common rustic style using timber from nearby stands and locally quarried stone.</p><br>
<p>Development in Crater Lake National Park was curtailed during World War II. Maintenance became the primary concern of the park staff, as Civilian Conservation Corps manpower disappeared with the onset of the war. This began a period of decline in park facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Park Headquarters</h2><br>
<p>Legend</p><br>
<p>1. Administration building</p><br>
<p>2. Ranger dormitory</p><br>
<p>3. Mess hall</p><br>
<p>4. Warehouse</p><br>
<p>5. Machine shop</p><br>
<p>8. Oil and gas house</p><br>
<p>13. Meat house</p><br>
<p>19. Superintendent&#39;s residence</p><br>
<p>20. Naturalist&#39;s residence</p><br>
<p>24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32. Residences</p><br>
<p>33. Stone shed/garage</p><br>
<p>34. Hospital</p><br>
<p>36. Transformer building</p><br>
<p>37. Comfort station</p><br>
<p>Munson Valley Historic District has 18 buildings.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the National Park Service began using the Munson Valley complex year-around. This had a tremendous impact on the historic landscape. Many landscape features including curbing, planting beds, and walkways had to be removed in order to widen narrow roads to accommodate snow plows. Some porches had to be removed and snow tunnels were added to buildings for winter access. In 1954, all of the planters, lawns, and walks around the employee cottages were removed to facilitate snow removal. The traffic island near the upper group of cottages was also removed along with several utility buildings in the maintenance area to allow space for snow plows to turn around.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, there were other changes as well. The Fire Hall was demolished in 1969. In 1986, the ranger dormitory and the administration building were remodeled. A new snow tunnel was added to the west side of the administration building replacing the south entrance tunnel built in 1958. In 1990, several rustic utility buildings were torn down, and a gas station was removed in 1992. Despite the loss of landscape and original structures, the headquarters complex still reflects the original Munson Valley master plan and is a good example of the National Park Service rustic architecture. The historic area was at first 7.5 acre but was later reduced to 6 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>There are eighteen primary structures in the Munson Valley Historic District. While most of the buildings have been remodeled, they still reflect the rustic style of architecture which is the common design theme that makes the Munson Valley headquarters complex historically unique.</p><br>
<p>Munson Valley Historic District extends south from the Superintendents Residence and ends at the park warehouse at the north end of the maintenance area. The eighteen historic structures were built between 1926 and 1949. They include, from north to south, the Superintendents Residence, the park Naturalist&#39;s Residence, a cluster of staff residence cabins, the Administration Building, Ranger Dormitory, Transformer Building, Comfort Station, Mess Hall, Warehouse, and Machine Shop.</p><br>
<p>The park Superintendents Residence is located at north end of headquarters area. It was constructed in 1933. The buildings footprint is 33 by with a rustic stone superstructure and wood-shake roof. The first floor includes an entry hall, living room with lava-rock fireplace, a dining room, kitchen, and bedroom with adjoining bathroom. The second floor has four additional bedrooms and two bathrooms. The building was framed in Douglas fir and the roof covered with cedar shakes. The Crater Lake Superintendent&#39;s Residence is a USA National Historic Landmark and is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP #87001347).</p><br>
<p>The park Naturalists Residence is located between the Superintendents Residence and the other employee houses near the north end of the historic district. The buildings footprint is the same as the Superintendents Residence; however, the floor plan is slightly different. This first floor contains a living room with stone fireplace, a kitchen, breakfast room, bedroom, and bathroom. There are three additional bedrooms and a bath room upstairs. Today, the building houses part of the park&#39;s Science and Learning Center.</p><br>
<p>The historic district also includes six rustic stone Employee Cottages built for park staff between 1927 and 1931. These housing units are designated as buildings #24, 25, 28, 30, 31, and 32. They are architecturally significant because they were part of the original Munson Valley headquarters master plan, and were constructed in the rustic style using native stone and timber. While aluminum roofs were added in the mid-1950s, these units still retain their original character.</p><br>
<p>The park Administration Building was built with a rough stone first story with rustic superstructure. It is 100 ft long and 40 ft wide. The main entrance led into a public lobby with a large fireplace and wood-paneled walls. Offices for the superintendent, assistant superintendent, comptroller, and information department were also on the first floor along with a large 42 by room for the park&#39;s clerical staff. The second floor has six additional offices and two storage rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Ranger Dormitory was begun in 1932, but was not finished until 1936 due to lack of funds. It is constructed of native stone and timber. Originally, the first floor had an entry hall, mens and womens bathrooms, and two living rooms, each with its own stone fireplace. The larger living room, located in the north end of the building, was for men. A smaller living room plus three other rooms and a shower at the south end of the building were for women. The second floor had four bedrooms, a large 18 by 34 ft × 10.4 m) dormitory room, a dark room, storage room, and men&#39;s shower. There is also a basement under the central portion of the building.</p><br>
<p>The historic district also includes various utility buildings including a mess hall, meat house, transformer building, comfort station (later converted to a sign shop), warehouse, and machine shop. These buildings all share common structural design elements that typify the park&#39;s rustic style of architecture including massive stone masonry, rough-sawn board siding, stained timber beams, dormer windows, and steep pitched roofs.</p><br>
<p>At Munson Valley, rustic structures successfully blend with the natural environment. The buildings in the historic district are excellent examples of the rustic style of architecture, and represent one of the National Park Service&#39;s most successful development programs. In addition, the landscape surrounding the historic district remains virtually intact. As a result, the Munson Valley Historic District is significant as an expression of American naturalistic design.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Hamasa Shrine Temple Theater, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, is a historic theater located at 2320 8th Street in Meridian, Mississippi. The Temple Theater was constructed in the Moorish Revival style and began screening silent films in 1928. The theater features a Byzantine motif, a swirl of marble fountains, and large bronze chandeliers. At the time of its construction, the theater contained one of the largest stages in the United States, second only to the Roxy Theater in New York City. The theater houses one of only two Robert Morton theatre organs still installed in their original locations in the State of Mississippi – the other being installed at the Saenger Theater in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Both organs are under the care and restoration efforts of the Magnolia Chapter of the American Theatre Organ Society .</p><br>
<p>The Temple, originally used for vaudeville and movies, is now used year-round for area events, live stage shows, plays, and concerts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hamasa Shrine organization in Meridian had outgrown their building across town by the early 1920s and sought to relocate. The Shriners hired architect Emile Weil to design the building and construction began in 1923. After the Grand Ballroom was completed in 1924, the Shriners moved in and began holding meetings while the rest of the building was being built around them. The theater part of the building was completed a few months later, but for the first few months of operation only occasional travelling shows performed at the Temple. It wasn&#39;t until 1927 when the Shriners leased the Temple Theater to the Saenger corporation in New Orleans that the Temple was modified into a movie house that the venue became very popular.</p><br>
<p>After several modifications – including the addition of a 3 manual 8 rank Robert Morton theatre organ – the Temple Theater was finally completed in 1928. At the time of its construction, the theater contained one of the largest stages in the United States, second only to the Roxy Theater in New York City. Saenger&#39;s lease was renewed in 1952 for an additional 20 years, ending in 1972. With seating for 1800 persons, the silent movie era was a prosperous time for the Temple. Even after the silent movie era ended, the Temple provided entertainment to guests. Some of the artists that have performed at the Temple include George Strait, Alabama, Ronnie Milsap, Bill Monroe, Willie Nelson, The Oak Ridge Boys, Randy Travis, Roy Clark, Waylon Jennings, Elvis Presley, and many other big names.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, after the Saengers lease had expired, the Hamasa Shrine began restoration efforts ranging from repairing plaster damage and repainting walls to reupholstering seats and replacing carpets. The Temple remained true to its original design with one exception: the lobbys terrazzo floor, inlaid with small brass stars, swastikas, and crescents, was edited during World War II. The swastikas, simply design elements when the theater was constructed, were removed.</p><br>
<p>In February 2009, a businessman from Dallas, Texas, named Roger Smith bought the Temple and promised to restore the Temple and continue year-round programming. Though many movie houses across the nation have been demolished, the Temple has remained in constant use. Today the Temple is used year-round for area events, live stage shows, plays, concerts, Hamasa Shrine functions, and public screenings of classic movies. It is a part of the Imperial Shrine Council, which consists of 191 Temples throughout North America.</p><br>
<h2>Acoustics</h2><br>
<p>The design of the auditorium embodies curved and unbroken surfaces to insure quality acoustics, and a resonance chamber was built as a floor to the orchestra pit, increasing and enriching the tone of the instruments. In spite of the size of the room and relatively large number of the audience, some shows, such as both of Tony Bennett&#39;s appearances at the theatre, are able to be performed entirely without microphones.</p><br>
<p>The theater contains a Robert Morton theatre organ – one of only two of the same type still installed in its original location in the state. A white and gold console provides three 61 note manuals and 32 pedals to play 608 pipes arranged in eight ranks. The pipes are contained in two chambers – one located either side of the stage. Each chamber contains four ranks of pipes and various percussion instruments ranging from bass and snare drums to xylophone, orchestral bells, and 12 special effects, known collectively as the "toy counter". These are special sound effects such as train whistle, car horn, and duck calls, which were meant to accompany silent films. This Robert Morton Console provides 120 stops to select the various voices and blends available, with 48 "pistons" allowing a pre-defined selection of stops to be instantly recalled. The organ sustained damage during rain leakage, but is now fully restored due to the efforts of the Magnolia Chapter of the American Theatre Organ Society.</p><br>
<p>The Fannin County Courthouse, built in 1937, is an historic courthouse building located in Blue Ridge, Georgia, United States. It was designed by Atlanta-based architect William Augustus Edwards who designed one other courthouse in Georgia, two in Florida and nine in South Carolina well as academic buildings at 12 institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. On June 8, 1995, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 it was replaced by a new courthouse built next door. It is now leased as Georgia Mountain Center for the Arts.</p><br>
<p>The Tift County Courthouse, built in 1912-1913, is a historic courthouse building located in Tifton, Georgia. It was designed by Atlanta-based architect William Augustus Edwards who designed one other courthouse in Georgia, two in Florida and nine in South Carolina as well as academic buildings at 12 institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. On September 18, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Scranton Cultural Center at the Masonic Temple  is a theatre and cultural center in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The Cultural Centers mission statement is "to rejuvenate a national architectural structure as a regional center for arts, education and community activities appealing to all ages." The Cultural Center hosts national Broadway tours; professional and local musical and dramatic theatre offerings; local, regional and national orchestral and popular music, dance and opera; comedians, lecturers, art exhibits, a childrens and performing arts academy and various classes as well as fundraiser galas and special events including proms, luncheons, private parties and is a popular wedding ceremony and reception venue. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Architect Raymond Hood, with Godley & Fouilhoux and Harry V. K. Henderson, designed the Masonic Temple and Scottish Rite Cathedral, which houses the Scranton Cultural Center, the current operating organization for the building. The Masonic Temple is designed in a combination of Gothic Revival architecture and Romanesque Revival—Richardsonian Romanesque with contemporary Art Deco influences. The building was completed in 1930. The temple was designed with a dual nature; it was built to house the Scottish Rite Cathedral and a Masonic lodge while housing spaces (primarily the theater and ballroom) that were intended for public use. The design of the building is a tribute to Freemasonry.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic Temple houses: The Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Theatre which seats 1,866 for concerts, lectures, national Broadway tours, dance and other entertainment; the Governor Robert P. Casey Library; the Raymond Hood Room (renovated from the original bowling alley); a Junior Ballroom, utilized both as event space and for the Children&#39;s and Performing Arts Academy summer and after school programs; a Grand Ballroom which can hold 2,400 for standing room performances and is host to elegant weddings, community fundraisers and galas -it was designed to seat 1,000 for dinner and was the largest ballroom in the region at the time; a "Ladies Parlor" overlooking the Grand Ballroom; Shopland Hall (originally Norman Hall), a 500-seat theatre and lodge hall located on the 4th floor, Craftsmen Hall (originally the gaming and billiard room) on the 3rd Floor as well as Snyder and Gazda Hall (originally Tuscan and Flemish Halls - named for their decor) which serve as the primary Lodge rooms for the Masonic Fraternity. Both the Weinberg Theatre and Shopland Hall are equipped with Austin Organs (numbers 1713 and 1712 respectively). Most of the facility is open for public usage and rental through the year. Visitors to Scranton can visit the Temple and take a tour that highlights the architecture of the building as well as its present-day uses.</p><br>
<h2>Performances</h2><br>
<p>The Cultural Center features a wide variety of entertainments and programs. It has hosted performances by contemporary musical artists, including Alice Cooper, Jason Mraz, Dave Matthews, N Sync, Breaking Benjamin, Backstreet Boys, and Maroon 5. Performances from Jackson Browne, Lewis Black, Jeff Dunham, Shinedown, George Carlin, and The Amazing Kreskin have entertained in recent years, the venue has played host to the regional Orchestra and many others. The has produced an annual season of national Broadway tours for over 50 years at the venue, including "Rent," "Cats," "Mamma Mia!," "Les Miserables," "Jersey Boys," and "The Book of Mormon." In December 2014, the Scranton Cultural Center premiered the fully realized stage version of the musical comedy, Harry Connick Jr.&#39;s "The Happy Elf."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the Masonic Temple and Scottish Rite Cathedral was begun in 1927 on the site of two former mansions. Construction of the building took three years with the Temple inauguration taking place on January 2, 1930 when the first meeting was held in the building; it was formally dedicated in May 1930. The rectangular plan building is clad in coursed ashlars of Indiana limestone supported by the structural steel framework. At approximately 188,000 ft&sup2, the building houses two theaters, public and masonic meeting rooms and event spaces, a grand ballroom, as well as numerous other offices, rooms and areas. There are ten levels of the building, five of which can be accessed by elevator. The remaining five levels include a storage and dressing room floor, penthouse for elevator equipment and storage, a small light room in the northwest corner of the main core, and a two-level sub-basement sixty feet below the basement floor.</p><br>
<h2>Masonic symbols</h2><br>
<p>Symbols of Masonry can be found throughout the Masonic Temple and Scottish Rite Cathedral, although it may not be apparent to those unfamiliar with the Craft. Shopland Hall, the small theater on the fourth floor, contains many Masonic symbols. An image of the Crusade is depicted above the stage, as well as shield motifs. These are important symbols to the Masonic Fraternity. Two-headed eagles are depicted on the ceiling of the theater. Frederick of Prussia introduced the symbol of the two headed eagle when the Scottish Rite was in its formative stages. The two-headed eagle, along with other symbols of various branches as well as the four cardinal virtues are engraved on the exterior of the building. The Robert P. Casey Library features a quintessential symbol of the Freemasons, a shovel, a pick, and a crowbar, in a glass case. Not only are these three items symbols of Masonry, but they were also used in the ceremonial groundbreaking and the accompanying ceremonial trowel was used in the laying of the cornerstone during the construction of the Masonic Temple. Also in the Casey Library is a grandfather clock that features many Masonic Symbols carved into the wood, including the shovel, pick, and crowbar motif, as well as the symbol of the square and the compass with letter “G” in the center.</p><br>
<h2>Future</h2><br>
<p>The Scranton Cultural Center began a multimillion-dollar restoration project in the mid-1990s. Electrical services were updated and air conditioning was installed for the theatre, grand ballroom, main lobby and lower level. Expanded and ADA compliant restrooms were added and the new Raymond Hood Room were installed in the former bowling lanes space. The ballroom&#39;s ornate walls and ceilings were also restored. In 2014, the Junior Ballroom was updated to provide space for the newly begun children and youth theatre program classes and summer camp sessions, including improvements for mobility access. In the spring of 2015, air conditioning was added to Shopland Hall and the third floor lodge rooms. Roof and masonry repairs, further HVAC upgrades and expansion, plumbing upgrades, as well as updates and restoration to the Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Theatre, main organ, and stage house and mechanics are slated for the coming years.</p><br>
<p>The Agriculture Building is a historic state government office building located at Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina. It was built between 1921 and 1923, and is a five-story, Classical Revival. It is sheathed in warm yellow stone, with massive, ashlar veneer, on the ground floor. An addition was built in the 1950s, giving the building an "L"-shape.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The Agriculture Building is a and located in the Capitol Area Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Peace College Main Building is the focal point of the Peace College campus in Raleigh, North Carolina. Built between 1859 and 1862, Main Building is located at the northern end of Wilmington Street in downtown Raleigh and is considered one of the largest antebellum buildings surviving in the city. During its early history, Main Building was used as a military hospital and offices for the Freedmen&#39;s Bureau. The building now contains offices, parlors, banquet rooms, and dormitory residences. Main Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and is a designated Raleigh Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the Civil War, women in North Carolina were not allowed to receive higher education at a majority of colleges. The only exceptions were Salem College, Louisburg College, Greensboro College, the Chowan Baptist Female Institute (now ) and New Garden, an institution operated by Quakers. In 1847, Presbyterians in Raleigh passed a church resolution to provide an educational institution specifically for women. The resolution stated, "Be it resolved that the Reverend William N. Mebane and Elder Alfred M. Scales respectfully bring to the notice of the Orange Presbytery meeting in Raleigh the importance of establishing a female institution of learning to be under the direction of Orange Presbytery."</p><br>
<p>William Peace, one of the founders of the University of North Carolina, was an elder in the First Presbyterian Church of Raleigh. Peace donated land and $10,000 (one-third of the total cost of Main Building) for the construction of the new school. Peace Institute of Raleigh was incorporated on October 1, 1858.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the building began in 1859, but when North Carolina seceded from the Union in 1861, the building was still incomplete. Thomas Hill, a surgeon for the Confederate States of America, was sent to Raleigh to open a hospital for wounded Confederate soldiers. Hill wrote:</p><br>
<p>"It was at first proposed to take the St. Mary&#39;s School with buildings, but on consultation with friends this idea was abandoned; and it was pointed out that the Peace Institute, then in an incompleted condition, could be had-and would be more suitable and cause less dissatisfaction. I visited the place and found a large brick framework,-the roof on,-but no floors and</p><br>
<p>windows,-, General Holmes&#39; orders were to hurry up matters and, if necessary, to impress every able-bodied man in Raleigh and put.him to work-and get the building ready. Major Pierce called in the contractor, Mr. Briggs, and he promised to put hands enough to work to get the Hospital ready in a month.... In the meantime... the floors were put down and frames made for the windows – no glass could be found – so the frames were covered with white domestic and painted to keep out the cold.... As well as I can recollect... the first patients were received on the 6th of June, 1862."</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War ended in 1865, Main Building was used as the district headquarters of the Freedman&#39;s Bureau Agency. In 1869 the Bureau moved to another location, and Main Building went through an extensive renovation.</p><br>
<p>Because of the economic hardships experienced by many Southerners after the War, the trustees of Peace Institute were unable to repay the loans for the building project. A local businessman, R. S. Pullen, assisted with repaying these loans. A joint-stock company led by local Presbyterians funded the curriculum of "three courses of instruction: Primary, Preparatory and Collegiate." With this funding, classes officially began at Main Building in 1872.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, Peace became the first accredited junior college in the South, and eventually the primary and preparatory programs were discontinued at Main Building. In 1995, Peace&#39;s curriculum was changed to baccalaureate status.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Main Building is an example of Greek Revival architecture and is accented with Italianate designs. The facade of the four-story building contains a central portico supported by four Doric columns. Balusters are located between these columns on the three upper levels.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of three wings. The first and second floors of Main Building are occupied by faculty and administrative offices. The third and fourth floors are used as dormitory rooms by approximately 50 students. The West Wing contains the Williams Board Room, the Blue Parlor, offices, and the James Dinwiddie Chapel. The East Wing contains Career Services, Academic Advising, Adventures Program, Educational Support Services, and the Leggett Theater complex.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings that have been constructed on the college campus are similar in architectural style to the Main Building.</p><br>
<p>Winnie Davis Hall, built in 1904, is an historic redbrick college building on the campus of Limestone College in Gaffney, South Carolina. It was designed by Darlington native William Augustus Edwards, who designed academic buildings at 12 institutions of higher learning as well as 13 courthouses and numerous other buildings in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. It was named for Varina "Winnie" Anne Davis, the daughter of Jefferson Davis and was built to serve as a repository for American Civil War papers as a center for the study of Southern history. On April 29, 1977, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is part of the Limestone Springs Historic District and is also known as the Winnie Davis Hall of History.</p><br>
<p>The Burlington Headquarters Building, also called Burlington Place, is located at 1004 Farnam Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. This four-story brick building was originally designed by Alfred R. Dufrene and built in 1879 next to Jobbers Canyon. It was redesigned by noted Omaha architect Thomas R. Kimball in 1899, and vacated by the railroad in 1966. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, designated an Omaha Landmark in 1978, and rehabilitated in 1983. Today it is office space.</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed for the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad at a cost of $40,000. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad took ownership when it took over that company. The first floor was leased by a wholesale grocer and a wholesale notion dealer, with upper floors used as headquarters for the railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Designed in the Italianate style in 1879, the original three-story building was constructed with load-bearing masonry walls on a foundation of limestone blocks. A flat roof, straight front and walls, and very little embellishment originally made this building virtually indistinguishable from its neighbors in the Jobbers Canyon. The structure had fireproof vaults on each floor and each office was finished in oiled southern pine. Several offices included fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>The railroad bought the lot west of the building in 1886, and the building expanded westward and upward, adding fourth floor. Unlike those on the lower floors, the new fourth floor had arched windows and a heavy ornamental cornice, making the building more distinguishable than its neighbors.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 Thomas R. Kimball was commissioned to remodel the building. His new plans closely resembled the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company Building in Chicago, Illinois. Gutting the building, he placed a central atrium and an open staircase with galleries overlooking a courtyard. An elevator lined with quartersawn oak resembled much of the building&#39;s new interior, which Kimball also designed. Features include a combination of skylights, cast iron railings, staircases, columns, and ornamental detailing.</p><br>
<p>The railroad occupied the building until 1966, when it sat empty for several years. A 1983 rehabilitation converted the entire building into office space that closely matched original designs. Many of the original elements, including the stairway and balconies, remain. Part of the original cast-iron Farnam Street facade remains; and although the original atrium elevator was replaced, a new elevator occupies the same area as the original.</p><br>
<p>The Gene Leahy Mall wraps around the building today, and is on the outskirts of the Old Market Historic District and is across the street from the Nash Block.</p><br>
<p>Bremo, also known as Bremo Plantation or Bremo Historic District, is a plantation estate covering over 1,500 acres on the west side of Bremo Bluff in Fluvanna County, Virginia. The plantation includes three separate estates, all created in the 19th century by the planter, soldier, and reformer John Hartwell Cocke on his familys 1725 land grant. The large neo-palladian mansion at "Upper" Bremo was designed by Cocke in consultation with John Neilson, a master joiner for Thomas Jeffersons Monticello. The Historic District also includes two smaller residences known as Lower Bremo and Bremo Recess.</p><br>
<p>The plantation, which overlooks the James River, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its significance as a well-preserved example of Jeffersonian archicture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Starting in 1808, John Hartwell Cocke built an estate of three houses along the James River, which he named "Bremo" after his family&#39;s ancestral home of Bremo in Henrico County. The origin of the name for the first Bremo is uncertain, but may have come from Braemore in Scotland.</p><br>
<h3>Bremo in Henrico County</h3><br>
<p>Cockes third great grandfather, Richard Cocke, immigrated to Virginia by 1627 and amassed almost 11,000 acres of land (including the plantations Bremo, Malvern Hill, and Curles) by the time he died in 1866. Old Bremo passed to Richards descendants before it was sold out of the Cocke family in the late 18th century or early 19th century. R. M. Taylor owned the property in the 1850s before it was sold to Charles H. Senff, who also bought the adjacent Curles Neck farm. In 1913, the property was sold to C. K. G. Billings who developed it into a horse farm. In the 1930s, A. B. Ruddock began dairy operations at Curles Neck and later sold out out to Fred Watkins. In 2006, a partnership consisting of Thomas Pruitt and William H. "Bill" Goodwin Jr. bought the 4400 acre Curles Neck property (including the Bremo tract) for $25 million, where it is used today mostly as a nature preserve.</p><br>
<h3>Development of Bremo in Goochland County</h3><br>
<p>One of the original structures was an ancestral hunting lodge at Lower Bremo that was built of stone and dated back to 1725. Cocke inhabited this lodge close to the river as his first home on the estate.</p><br>
<p>Around 1812, Cocke completed a larger home for himself and his wife Anne Blaws Barraud at Bremo Recess, situated on higher ground farther back from the James River. This house featured dormer windows, a pointed roof, and later incorporated elements of Jacobean architecture.</p><br>
<h3>Construction of the mansion</h3><br>
<p>During his time at Lower Bremo and Bremo Recess, Cocke began working on the design of a grand plantation mansion to be built at the Upper Bremo area. Cocke spared no expense during the construction, utilizing hand-molded brick. Even the neighboring barn was adorned with columns. The construction of the mansion took several years and was completed in 1819. At about the same time, the lodge at Lower Bremo was renovated for Cocke&#39;s son Cary.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War years</h3><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Mary Anna Custis Lee, the wife of Confederate General Robert E. Lee, stayed at Bremo as a guest of the Cocke family. Though it was 80 miles away from her home in Richmond, Virginia, the James River and Kanawha Canal permitted a relatively comfortable trip by boat. Bremo also did not suffer the wartime shortages that had been plaguing Richmond. However, within a few days of her arrival, Lee&#39;s health suffered a setback because of a severe fall from her crutches on the finely polished floor. Family friend Doctor Cary Charles Cocke built a special bed to accommodate her affliction from rheumatoid arthritis. She was usually accompanied by her son Rob and daughters Agnes and Mildred.</p><br>
<p>Bremo itself did not escape the effect of the war. On March 8, 1865, the estate was raided by Union forces. General Lee personally visited the plantation that year. The Lees stayed intermittently at Bremo until November 1865, after the war. The place that was occupied by Mary Anna Custis Lee is still called "Mrs. Lee’s room".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The overall design of the mansion was initiated by John Hartwell Cocke with master builder John Neilson (c.1770 - 1827), who had worked with Thomas Jefferson on Monticello. The architecture is believed to be based on the Palladian style utilized by Jefferson. Although the original plans were destroyed in a fire in 1894, students of Jeffersonian architecture who had seen the drawings said that they had recognized them as the work of Jefferson himself. It has been called "the most magnificent conception of a house" in America.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is one story high at its northern entrance, but has two stories on the southern side where the land slopes down towards the James River. The home is designed with distinct elements of Jeffersonian architecture, such as upper windows built at floor level to reduce the visual scale of the structure. The landscaping incorporates ha-has, which were dug out of the view from the mansion while serving to keep livestock from wandering into the yard.</p><br>
<p>A monument on the estate, named Temperance Spring, is an early example, in miniature, of the Greek Revival style. The homes at Lower Bremo and Bremo Recess were rebuilt in their present Jacobean forms in 1844.</p><br>
<p>The Squire Earick House is the oldest known wood-frame house in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, built in 1812 in the Portland area of the city, which was then a town all its own. It has had many owners and a complicated history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>David Shields and his brother-in-law purchased the house in 1827. Shields was a trader and pilot on the Ohio River, taking flatboats loaded with pork, flour, and whiskey to New Orleans from Portland. In 1831 he ran into financial difficulties that eventually bankrupted him in 1843. He and his family continued to live in the Earick House until about 1843 when a brother-in-law, Squire Jacob Wilstach Earick, purchased the house. Earick remodeled parts of the house with Victorian upgrades and lived there with his large family until his death. The Portland Museum owns two charcoal portraits and two oil portraits by naturalist John James Audubon. The charcoal drawings represent Mary Ann Bell who became Mrs. Jacob Earick and her mother Jane McLean Bell. The oil paintings represent Jacob Earick and Mary Ann Bell Earick.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Development Organization donated the Earick House to the Portland Museum in 1994. It is currently undergoing renovation. With limited funding available, there is not a final finish date.</p><br>
<h2>Building style</h2><br>
<p>The Earick House was built by timber framing, where heavy timber are jointed together with pegged mortise and tenon joints. The structure was originally built in the Federal architectural style. Once Squire Earick took possession of the home, he renovated with many characteristics of Steamboat Gothic style.</p><br>
<p>Main Mall Row is an adjoining group of nine commercial buildings along the northeast corner of the intersection of Main and Garden streets in downtown Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. They were mostly built after a fire in 1870 destroyed the previous buildings on the site. The new structures were three-to-four story buildings in the Renaissance Revival style, many with ornamental touches such as bracketed cornices, paneled friezes, arcaded facades and molded lintels. 315 Main Mall, at the east end, has an ornate cast iron facade. They are considered among the most architecturally significant commercial buildings in the city, and are still in use as stores today. The building at 3-9 Garden Street retains its original storefronts. The row, as with many of the other buildings in downtown Poughkeepsie, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Their current name comes from Main Mall, the city&#39;s attempt to establish a pedestrian mall in the area, the two blocks of Main between Market and Academy streets, during the 1970s. With the nearby Luckey, Platt & Company Department Store, a commercial mainstay of the city, losing customers to suburban shopping malls, city planners thought they could sustain downtown by offering shoppers a similar experience. In 1973 the two blocks were closed to vehicle traffic. However, the decline of the downtown continued as most shoppers continued to choose the malls, especially after Luckey Platt closed in 1980. The city reopened the street and ended Main Mall in 2001, helping to revive commercial and residential development in the area.</p><br>
<p>Hanover County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located in the community of Hanover Courthouse, the county seat of Hanover County, Virginia. Built about 1735, it is one of the nations oldest courthouses still in use for that purpose. It is historically notable as the site of the Parsons Cause case, which was argued by Patrick Henry in 1763. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973. A modern courthouse complex stands nearby, which now houses most of the county&#39;s judicial functions.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hanover County Courthouse is located in the center of the small community formally called Hanover Courthouse (but is more colloquially known just as "Hanover"). It is set on a grassy quadrangle on the north side of United States Route 301, with other 18th-century buildings nearby that make up the Hanover County Courthouse Historic District. It is a single-story brick building, with a tall hipped roof with modillioned cornice, and three chimneys. It is laid out in a T shape, with the courtroom in the rear-projecting leg of the T, the judge&#39;s quarters on the left side, and a jury room on the right. The front of the building is distinguished by an arcade of rounded arches.</p><br>
<p>Hanover County was created in 1720 by the Colony of Virginia. The courthouse was built about 1735, supposedly by William Meriwether, who also built and operated the original Hanover Tavern, just across the main road. Its design was apparently based on the courthouse of King William County to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>In 1763, Patrick Henry, who lived and practiced law in Hanover County, argued the case of the Parsons Cause, involving King George IIIs veto of local legislation changing tax rates for the support of local Anglican ministry despite their objections and those of the House of Burgesses. Henry, representing the county, accused the King of tyranny in overturning colonial law without regard to the wishes of his subjects.</p><br>
<p>A new modern government complex with two court buildings was built and opened in 1979 adjacent to the 1735 courthouse, which is still actively used for periodic judicial proceedings to alleviate crowded court dockets and also for handling ceremonial events</p><br>
<p>The Lady Washington Hose Company building is located on Academy Street in downtown Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. It was once home to one of the citys volunteer companies of the same name and subsequently housed the Childrens Media Project. It is currently owned by two Poughkeepsie artists. It is an unusual combination of different architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The company was created in 1863 when the city bought new fire engines for the Niagara and Cataract companies. This forced the Neptune Company out of business, and it was accordingly reorganized as the Lady Washington. The firehouse was built in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Local architect Percival M. Lloyd was hired to design the building, and he in turn subcontracted the construction to the ODonnell Construction Company, another local firm. The resulting structure has a yellow brick facade. A corbelled soffit holds the Japanese-style tiled roof. A small wing shows signs of a Gothic Revival influence with its castellated roofline. The facades second story is dominated by a hanging bay window. The soffit, bay window and single garage door at street level are currently painted a bright green in contrast with the facade.</p><br>
<p>The interior is largely intact. The Japanese influence on the roof continues with its supporting rafters visible.</p><br>
<p>After the citys fire department absorbed the company, the building was reused as a warehouse by the Southeastern New York Library Council. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, one of three of the citys former firehouses so listed (the other two are the O. H. Booth Hose Company and the Niagara Engine House).</p><br>
<p>Hanover County Courthouse Historic District is a national historic district located at Hanover Courthouse, Hanover County, Virginia, USA. The district includes four contributing buildings in the county seat of Hanover Courthouse. They are the separately listed Hanover County Courthouse , the old jail , the clerk&#39;s office , and the Hanover Tavern now known as the Barksdale Theatre.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Haffenreffer Brewery, established in 1870, was a former brewer in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. The first Haffenreffer bottles were plate mold bottles and were produced by Karl Hutter of New York and had the traditional lightning stop tops. According to Haffenreffer company records later in 1876 the Haffenreffer Brewery contracted with Dean Foster and Company of Boston to aid in the production of bottles for the brewery and the growing demand. Starting in 1893, all Haffenreffer bottles were produced with Karl Hutter stoppers. Haffenreffer Private Stock, a legacy of the original Haffenreffer & Co. product line, is a brand of malt liquor that ceased production in 2013. It had several nicknames: "The Green Monster", , "Haffenwrecker" and "The Green Death" all due to relatively high alcohol content. It was notable due to the Rebus puzzles under the bottle cap and due to the label recommendation of consuming it "on the rocks" or over ice.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Haffenreffer Brewery was founded by Rudolph Frederick Haffenreffer, a German immigrant who arrived in Boston after the Civil War. Following his death on March 8, 1929, the business was turned over to his sons, Rudolf F. Haffenreffer Jr. (1874–1954) and Theodore Carl Haffenreffer (1880–1956). The brewery was subsequently run by other members of the Haffenreffer family, including Rudolph Frederick Haffenreffer III (1902–1991), his brother Carl W. Haffenreffer (1906–1999), and their first cousin, Theodore Carl Haffenreffer III (1917–2008). The brewery closed in 1965 (at which time, brands like Haffenreffer Lager Beer, Pickwick Ale and Pickwick Bock Beer became the property of the Narragansett Brewing Company) having survived Prohibition and operating for nearly a century, leaving Massachusetts without a brewery for the first time in 300 years.</p><br>
<h3>Haffenreffer complex</h3><br>
<p>The Jamaica Plain Neighborhood Development Corporation redeveloped the entire Haffenreffer complex, which owns and operates it today. The Boston Beer Company, brewer of Samuel Adams beer, has been an anchor tenant and investor since the mid-1980s and offers tours of the brewery there.</p><br>
<p>The main brewery building is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The top of the smokestack from the old Haffenreffer Brewery crumbled and had been partially restored to current building codes- so the letters on its side read FENREFFER BREWERS for more than 30 years. In late 2016, a local artist installed a circular steel frame on the top with the letters HAF, which restored the smokestack to its full name.</p><br>
<p>Among those businesses sharing it with Boston Beer are:</p><br>
<p>Bella Luna Restaurant</p><br>
<p>Bikes Not Bombs</p><br>
<p>City Life/Vida Urbana</p><br>
<p>Children&#39;s Music Center of JP</p><br>
<p>Keshet</p><br>
<p>Kenyon Woodworking</p><br>
<p>JP School of Dance</p><br>
<p>Mike&#39;s Fitness</p><br>
<p>The Parent Review</p><br>
<p>ULA Cafe</p><br>
<p>Women in the Building Trades</p><br>
<p>Camden is an Italian Villa-style house on the Rappahannock River just downriver of Port Royal, Virginia. Built 1857–1859, it is one of the nation&#39;s finest examples of an Italianate country house. It is located on the southeast bank of the Rappahannock River, about 0.5 mi north of the intersection of Camden Road  and United States Route 17.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Camden is a two-story frame house in a pure Italianate style, clad with flush siding that was originally treated to resemble stone. The tower base projects from the front, with a semicircular porch surrounding its base, looking out over the Rappahannock River. The first floor includes a central hall, library, dining room, parlor and a main-level bedroom. The parlor retains its original Victorian rococo furnishings.</p><br>
<p>Camden was built on the basement of an earlier house belonging to the Pratt family that dated to 1760. William Carter Pratt demolished this house around 1856 to use the prominent site for a new house. He engaged Baltimore architect Norris G. Starkweather, with construction stating in 1857, completed in 1859. Up-to-date in style and technology, the house was equipped with central heating and cooling, gas lights and running water. A private gas works was installed to generate gas for the lights. The house&#39;s tower was destroyed during the American Civil War, by a hit from a Union gunboat in late November 1862, and never restored.</p><br>
<p>The property is also significant as the home of a Native American family of the late 17th century, where iron trade tools and silver medals have been found. The silver medals were minted by the British and given to the Powhatan chiefs as tokens of peace.</p><br>
<p>The Silver medals were discovered on the property during the excavation of an older structure, eventually discovered to be the house of John "The Ranger" Taliaferro.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Richard Drew House is a historic house at 2505 1st Street in Arlington, Virginia. A vernacular early 20th-century dwelling, it is of national significance as the home from 1920 to 1939 of Charles Richard Drew , an African-American physician whose leadership on stockpiling of blood plasma saved lives during World War II. The National Park Service designated the house as a National Historic Landmark in 1976 in response to a nomination by the Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Drew House is located in a modest residential area in central Arlington, just northeast of the corner of 1st Street South and South Cleveland Street. It is a narrow two-story frame structure covered with wood clapboards and topped with a gabled roof. Originally a four-room house, the house was expanded with a two-room two-story addition during Drew&#39;s ownership. The house is arranged around a side stair hall, which is also the entry. From front to back the first floor comprises the living room, dining room and kitchen. Upstairs are two bedrooms and a den.</p><br>
<p>The house was the home from 1920 to 1939 of Charles Richard Drew. Drew, educated at Amherst College, McGill University, and Columbia University, conducted research in blood transfusion, and in particular the banking of blood, which was known to degenerate rapidly after removal from its donor. By the outbreak of World War II he had demonstrated that blood plasma could be stored virtually indefinitely under the proper conditions. Drew was placed in charge of a program under which blood plasma was sent to Great Britain in the early years of the war, which was continued when the United States entered the war. Drew eventually resigned from the program over racist policies enacted by the government that segregated the stockpiled blood by race. He was afterward a leading figure at Howard University and elsewhere in the training of a whole generation of African-American doctors.</p><br>
<p>The Brandeis–Millard House is located in the West Farnam neighborhood, which is part of the Gold Coast Historic District in Midtown Omaha, Nebraska. Its carriage house is located at 3815 Dewey Avenue in the same area. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, it was designated an Omaha Landmark on June 10, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>An early example of the Jacobethan style of architecture, the house is the only known work of Albert Kahn in the state. It was built in 1904</p><br>
<p>The Hasbrouck House, also known as the Evelyn Samuels Memorial Building, is located on Market Street in downtown Poughkeepsie, New York, United States, next to the Amrita Club building. It was built in 1885 as the home of Frank Hasbrouck, a local judge and historian. The architect was Frederick Clarke Withers.</p><br>
<p>Withers&#39; design, a red brick house of two and a half storeys and raised basement, features many Romanesque Revival touches, such as a recessed front porch with two round-headed arches divided by a spiral column with molded floral design and Corinthian capital. Below the railing are two fielded panels with foliate relief. On the upper stories, there are brownstone windowsills and courses around the house. Other ornaments include an oriel window on the second story, pentagonal dormer on the third, and a parapet roofline.</p><br>
<p>The interior remains intact. The fireplace, brick chimney, glazed tiles and oak woodwork are especially well-preserved examples of late 19th-century decor.</p><br>
<p>The house is the citys most distinguished building in the Romanesque style, complemented nearby by the similar New York State Armory and Harlow Row. It is unusual to find a Romanesque dwelling of this scale in a city Poughkeepsies size. Normally they were reserved for larger cities, or prison compounds and military bases.</p><br>
<p>In the later years of the 20th century the house became the home of the United Way of the Dutchess-Orange Region which named it after Samuels, a former benefactor. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Harlow Row, also called Brick Row, is a group of brick townhouses in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. While their address is given as 100-106 Market Street, they are actually located on a short side street referred to as Little Market Street, across from a small park with the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Fountain, on the residential southern fringe of the city&#39;s downtown.</p><br>
<p>The row consists of four red brick Second Empire townhouses, three stories in height with the mansard roofs typical of the style. The lower stories are rusticated, with arched doorways. An unusual Romanesque Revival tower is located on the north end.</p><br>
<p>They were probably built in the 1870s by William Harlow, a former mayor of the city and architect of St. Paul&#39;s Church in the city. He may have been inspired by the attempt of another former mayor, Harvey G. Eastman, to build affordable townhouses near the park now named for him, but on a smaller scale. The row appears on city tax maps from the mid-1870s with Harlow identified as owner of the whole property. However, he was not apparently successful, since the same maps list no traceable owner of the houses themselves.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, two local lawyers are identified as owners, and later on Charles Robinson, a liquor wholesaler. He probably added the tower sometime between 1887 and 1895. Other than some gutting of the south and west bays in 1981 to replace the windows, the houses and their period interior features remain intact. In 1982 the row was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The houses fell into disrepair in the late 20th century, one of many highly visible historic buildings in the city to do so. In 2000 Dutchess County awarded a local nonprofit, Hudson River Housing, $194,000 to rehabilitate the row into eight rental units and four commercial spaces. In 2002 the project was completed at a total cost of almost $2 million, and the company began making the units available for lease.</p><br>
<p>Currell College, completed in 1919, is an historic two-story redbrick university building on the campus of the University of South Carolina  in Columbia, South Carolina in the United States. It was designed by Darlington native William Augustus Edwards who designed academic buildings at 12 institutions of higher learning as well as 13 courthouses and numerous other buildings in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. Currell, which is pronounced as if it were spelled Curl, is the only building that Edwards built for USC. The Cain House at 1619 Pendleton Street which he designed in 1912 for a private owner, though, is now part of the expanded USC campus and is used as The Inn at USC.</p><br>
<p>The school was built as a law School Building, and was originally named Petigru college in honor pf distinguished Charlestone attorney James L. Petigru (1789-1863)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was originally named Petigru College and was built to serve as the USC law school, which had outgrown its quarters in Legare College. When a new law school building was built in 1952, the name Petigru College was given to it and the 1919 building was renamed Currell College to honor William S. Currell, USC&#39;s president when it was built, and it was then used by the history department.</p><br>
<p>The buildings redbrick exterior was a departure from USCs standard of gray-painted stucco over brick on all of its previous buildings, except the South Caroliniana Library and Lieber College, and according to USC historian Daniel Walker Hollis: "... it has been something of an architectural misfit on the inner campus ever since."</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1950s the two-story Currell College Annex was built to the south of the 1919 building and joined to it by a two-story glass and metal stairwell-hallway structure. The annex, while built of redbrick, is utilitarian and does not continue the collegiate Gothic features of the original building.</p><br>
<p>Currell College today is the home of the USC Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice. The Currell College Annex houses the USC Office of Special Events/</p><br>
<p>The 1919 building excluding the annex is a contributing property in the Old Campus District, University of South Carolina, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 5, 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Horsham Friends Meeting is an historic American Quaker meeting house which is located in Horsham, Pennsylvania. Home to the Horsham Monthly Meeting, it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 21, 1991.</p><br>
<p>In addition to serving as a place of worship, is also a place of education. The Quaker School at Horsham is located on the meeting&#39;s grounds. A carriage house is located next to the meeting and an attached graveyard is situated across Easton Road, the street on which the Meeting sits.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Made of squared and cut pink sandstone, this historic structure is an example of a style of meeting houses known as "double meeting houses," so named due to their separate entrances for men and women. A central partition can be closed to divide the interior into mens and womens sections. An interior balcony encircles the entire meeting room.</p><br>
<p>Horsham Friends Meeting was founded in 1716. Land in the area was originally deeded from William Penn to Samuel Carpenter. Hannah Carpenter deeded the surrounding fifty acres to the meeting in 1718. The current meeting house, which was built in 1803, is situated the third on the site.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>Horsham Meeting is an active Quaker community, and is a member of Abington Quarterly Meeting, of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting.</p><br>
<p>Horsham Friends Meeting PA 01.JPGHorsham Friends Meeting by night</p><br>
<p>Horsham Friends Meeting Carriage Shed.JPGCarriage Shed</p><br>
<p>The President Gerald R. Ford Jr. House is a historic house at 514 Crown View Drive in Alexandria, Virginia. Built in 1955, it was the home of Gerald Ford from then until his assumption of the United States presidency on August 9, 1974. The house is typical of middle-class housing in the northern Virginia suburbs of Washington from that period.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ford House is located in a suburban residential area of central Alexandria, on the south side of Crown View Drive near its northwestern end. It consists of a rectangular 2-story main block with a two-story eastern section that once housed a garage on the ground floor and the master bedroom above. A single-story ell extends to the rear, and a 20 x swimming pool was added by the Fords in 1961. The Secret Service converted the garage into a command post when Ford became Vice President of the United States in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1955 for Gerald Ford, then a member of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan. Ford and his family made this house their primary residence from the time of its construction until they moved into the White House on August 19, 1974, following the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon.</p><br>
<p>Between his swearing-in on August 9 and his final morning at Alexandria, the USA presidential residence had been on Crown View Drive, and President Ford had been driven every morning and evening, along with his Secret Service escorts and with help from the Alexandria police, to 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington. The house is representative of the period in Fords career when he rose to become one of the nations most influential Congressmen, and set the stage for his ascent to the Presidency.</p><br>
<p>Lauraville is a neighborhood in northeast Baltimore, Maryland. The neighborhood is bounded on the east by Harford Road, on the north by Echodale Avenue, on the south by Argonne Drive and Herring Run Park, and on the west side by Morgan Park and Morgan State University, with East Cold Spring Lane passing through the center of Lauraville.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lauraville is named for the daughter of John Henry Keene, who was a local property owner and businessman active after the American Civil War. Soon after the Civil War, Lauraville became an official village, with its own post office, and as a result its present name. Local residents who had lobbied for a local mail service were confronted by the Post Offices requirement for a village name as a mail destination. At a local meeting, chief supporter for the village post office, John Henry Keene, a local property owner who also operated a planing mill and lumber yard on the site of todays Bond Lumber, suggested that the community be named after his daughter Laura. Apparently that was acceptable to all present, for the area has been Lauraville since.</p><br>
<p>Until Hamilton got its own post office, the Lauraville post office which was located in William Emmel&#39;s confectionery store on the west side of Harford Road, south of Southern Avenue, handled all of the mail service along Harford Road, between the Herring Run, and Parkville.</p><br>
<p>In the last decades of the 19th century Lauraville became thoroughly self-sufficient. Blacksmiths and carpenters practiced their trades along Harford Road, and virtually any necessity could be bought locally for the house or farm. Truck farms covered the area and a wide variety of locally raised produce, as well as fresh meat, poultry, and dairy products were available. Webers Park, a brewery, with adjoining picnic grounds and beer garden operated for many years along Harford Road in the Southern end of Lauraville, about opposite todays Overland Avenue. A fire station for the volunteer fire company was also built, on the site of the present modern engine house.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1870s the Hall Springs Passenger Railway opened its limited horse-drawn passenger service on the Harford Road between the Hall Springs Hotel and a car barn south of 25th Street, where connections could be made for downtown Baltimore. While never wildly successful, the line operated continuously until it was electrified and extended north to Hamilton Avenue in the 1890s, and eventually absorbed into the United Railways and Electric Company street railway system.</p><br>
<p>This growth and improvement of the Harford Road transit service coincided with the rapid development of Lauraville as a residential suburban community. First commuter transit, then automobile travel, made communities like Lauraville increasingly accessible to the Baltimore Downtown.</p><br>
<p>In 1895 land was acquired from the Garrett family for a new schoolhouse, which was built in the late 1890s at Morello Road, between Rueckert and Ailsa Avenues. The school was and is still called Garrett Heights, though it previously had junior high grades as well as the elementary grades. The 1932 addition to Garrett Heights is the only portion still standing, as the older wing was destroyed by fire in 1969. By 1918, when most of Lauraville was annexed to Baltimore City, many houses had already been built.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, residents of Lauraville were incensed that the nearby Ivy Mill property, where Morgan State University would eventually be built, had been sold to a "negro college." They attempted to have the sale revoked by filing suit in the circuit court in Towson, which dismissed the suit. They then appealed the case to the state Court of Appeals. The appellate court upheld the lower court decision, finding no basis that siting the college at this location would constitute a public nuisance. Despite some ugly threats and several demonstrations against the project, Morgan State was allowed to be constructed at this site and would later expand.</p><br>
<h2>Housing</h2><br>
<p>The area was developed by several subdivisions during the period between 1910 and 1930 as an upper middle class neighborhood, with many houses built on double lots. Sales in 1910 indicated houses were priced at $4,000 at a time when the typical house in Baltimore sold for $1,200. While Lauraville was built over a period of years by various developers, most of the houses are detached, single family frame or cedar shingle structures, similar in style. The Lauraville neighborhood benefits from irregular street patterns, and from the considerable number of shade trees that the residents have striven to protect.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>Lauraville is mentioned on the Baltimore-based HBO drama The Wire as the home neighborhood of fictional Baltimore Police Detective Jimmy McNulty.</p><br>
<p>The former Philip Livingston Magnet Academy is located along Northern Boulevard in the West Hill neighborhood of Albany, New York, United States. It is a large brick building predominantly in the Colonial Revival architectural style, with some Art Deco touches inside, erected during the 1930s. Additions were made in the 1960s. In 2014 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Philip Livingston Junior High School, the only purpose-built public school building in the city so recognized.</p><br>
<p>During most of its existence, it was one of four middle schools operated by the City School District of Albany, later converted into a magnet school for its final years, during which it declined academically and developed a reputation for crime and violence. It was described as the citys most outstanding school building upon its opening. It also became one of Albanys architectural landmarks due to its location at the main arrival point for travelers arriving from, or passing by, the city&#39;s north. Since its closure it has been sold to a private developer and converted to senior housing, a decision some members of the school board have come to regret as the district still has overcrowding issues.</p><br>
<p>From its inception the school played a role in developing the community, an early center of African American migration into Albany, beyond its educational function. The Albany Symphony Orchestra played its concerts in the buildings auditorium for many years. Amelia Earhart spoke at the school, and a 1947 concert by Paul Robeson at the school caused a major local controversy when the city government attempted to block it due to the performers known sympathies with the Communist Party.</p><br>
<h2>Building and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The school building is located at the south end of a 9.83 acre parcel at the west corner of Albanys West Hill neighborhood, a mile and a half (1.5 mi) north of the citys downtown. The terrain around the building is drastically different. On the south it remains relatively level; in the other directions it drops off roughly 100 ft into one of the ravines carrying small tributaries of the Hudson River that characterize Albany&#39;s topography in the eastern section of the city.</p><br>
<p>On the south side of the building, across McCrossin Avenue, are detached single-family homes on small lots. These continue into the rest of the city. On the east, across the wider Northern Boulevard, or Dudley Heights, there are more residences, on larger lots, with some businesses. Behind them is undeveloped land, a buffer zone for railroad tracks used by CSX freight trains and Amtrak&#39;s Empire Service passenger trains. To the northeast, is the elaborate multilevel interchange of USA Route 9 and Interstate 90.</p><br>
<p>North of the school property, on either side of the street, are two charter schools, KIPP Tech Valley on the east and Green Tech High on the west across Manning Boulevard North. Beyond them is wooded buffer, the railroad tracks and the interstate. To the west is the 82 acre Tivoli Nature Preserve, centered around Tivoli Lake, the largest urban protected area in the state after New York City&#39;s Central Park.</p><br>
<p>Most of the school property is taken up by a large athletic practice field, with soccer goals, to the north of the building. Park Drive borders it on its west and comes around the south to serve as the main entry road, with some parking spaces on its south side. A larger parking lot is located on the south side of the building, accessed from the intersection of McCrossin and Thornton Street.</p><br>
<h3>Building</h3><br>
<p>The building itself is a three-story, Y-shaped, steel frame building clad in brick and cast stone. It consists of a three-story central pavilion with flanking wings themselves ending in pavilions. On the west of the central section is a shorter wing housing the building&#39;s auditorium.</p><br>
<h4>Exterior</h4><br>
<p>In the center, the main block consists of the five-bay central pavilion, flanked with a recessed bay on either side. Both the main and recessed portions have a gambrel roof with parapets along their end walls. A tall copper-clad cupola rises from the center.</p><br>
<p>On the east (front) elevation, the pavilion is faced in cast stone imitating a coursed ashlar pattern. In the middle, the three bays of the entrance are recessed in a projecting section of their own, flanked by pilasters and topped with a paneled frieze. To either side are three six-over-six lower-level hopper sash windows with a splayed pattern in the cast stone above. At the corner of the front pavilion&#39;s first story is a similar window with four-pane sidelights. The corner face is set with four-light triple-hung sash. The recessed bay on the ends of the front pavilion is set with six-over-six with sidelights similar to those at the flanks of the middle section; the corners are quoined</p><br>
<p>A stone beltcourse divides the first and second stories. At the center a decorative wrought iron fence makes for a small balcony atop the entrance. The top of the fence is level with a ribbon course that also serves as the sill for windows on that story.</p><br>
<p>At the center of the second story is an aluminum double door, each with eight narrow lights, flanked by four more such lights on the side, topped by a rectangular 15-light transom. On each side are double-hung 12-over-6 sash with a lower hopper, flanked by fluted pilasters that rise to the next story. The two bays to their sides are set with nine-over-six double-hung lower-hopper sash in an arched surround with a keystone and five-light sidelights, on a brick face. Below each is a recessed panel. Around the corner, the bay is blind, recessed below another arch. The recessed bay is set with eight-over-eight double-hung lower-hopper arched sash in a decorative surround.</p><br>
<p>The third story has a carving of the city of Albany&#39;s coat of arms in the center, topped by a broken arch pediment with dentilled cornice. It is flanked by two 12-light windows with sills and dentilled cornices supported by a scroll bracket on the side next to the coat of arms. Recessed panels are above and below both.</p><br>
<p>Flanking on the next two bays are two nine-light windows with three-light sides topped by a broken scroll pediment, their sills resting on the keystones below. The corner bay is set with a plain, recessed blind panel. Next to it on the end bay is an oculus with keystones at the cardinal points in a stone surround, set with a 16-pane grid.</p><br>
<p>Above the third story is a frieze and cornice. Between those and the roofline is an entablature with five recessed panels. In the middle one, wider than the other four, is set metal lettering reading "Philip Livingston Junior High School".</p><br>
<p>The roof is clad in asphalt shingles. On the east side it is pierced by six segmental-arched dormer windows sided in copper. They are set with four-over-four double-hung sash with a lower hopper and four-light sides. Large scroll brackets mark the end of the north and south parapets.</p><br>
<p>Wooden fencing on the east and west sets off the flat top of the roof. On the brick-faced north and south of the central section, an oculus similar to the one on the third-story corners is located in the center. The parapets have a recessed central portion with cast stone coping and a stone course in the middle of the central portion.</p><br>
<p>The cupola has three stages. At its base the square pedestal is clad on all sides to resemble the upper half of the second-story windows. On the corners of the north and south faces are short projections connecting to the wooden fence topped with scroll brackets. A cornice sets off the second stage, with scrolled pilasters on the corners framing a paneled section topped by a circular window with radiating muntins set in a molded surround with a keystone. The third stage, at the top, is a grooved curving roof topped by a small finial.</p><br>
<p>Both wings have a similar design. A cast stone water table at ground level is topped by 16-light windows with an eight-light lower hopper, with smaller versions at the corners. At the lintel level is a cast stone beltcourse, with a wider one above serving as the sill line for similar windows, also found above. Topping those windows is a cast stone frieze that ends below the applied metal at the roofline.</p><br>
<p>Engaged cast stone piers divide the facade at regular intervals. Within them the first and second stories are set with rectangular windows similar to those in the central pavilion&#39;s dormers without the sidelights; the third story has an elliptical oculus. Above it is some decorative stonework and an inverted arch at the roofline.</p><br>
<p>The pavilion at the south end is similar in plan and treatment to the central pavilion, seven bays by three, three stories tall and topped with a gambrel roof and parapet. In the center of the first floor, at the top of some stone steps, is a monumental entrance with double door framed by decorative cast stone, topped with a broken arch pediment. Above it is a similarly treated window.</p><br>
<p>All other windows are tall 12-over-8 with a lower hopper. Corners are quoined in cast stone. As with the east facade, stone beltcourses serve as the lintel line for the first story windows and the sill for those immediately above. The centers of both gables are set with oculi similar to those on the main section. The north pavilion is similar, but with a more modest central door meant primarily as an exit.</p><br>
<p>The south and west (rear) facades of the two wings are less decorative. Most windows are set with lower-hopper windows of the same size as their counterparts on the front but with no paning; there is an area of the rear of the south wing on the second and third stories where this pattern is interrupted for some irregularly sized and placed windows. A small three-bay shed-roofed projection, with glass windows on all sides to the roofline, is along the middle of the first story. The roofline of the wings is decorated only with a strip of applied metal.</p><br>
<p>On the west side the central pavilion&#39;s end bays are not recessed; there is a secondary entrance with double doors and stone surround on the south corner. A six-by-five-bay wing projects westward from it, three stories high, faced in brick with a flat roof. At its rear is a freestanding brick chimney stack, counted as a separate, contributing structure for the purposes of the National Register listing.</p><br>
<p>The four eastern bays on the north and south facades of the auditorium wing are set with simulated sash, broken by vertical and horizontal mullions, two stories tall rising from a stone beltcourse sill within slightly recessed round arches with keystones at the top. In the fourth and fifth bay exposed basement levels are a pair of double-door entrances with stone surrounds. The fifth bay has a 12-over-8 similar to those on the building&#39;s east facade midway along the height of the taller windows, with a simulated oculus closer to the roofline, marked by a cast stone cornice.</p><br>
<p>At the corner the wing has a blind diagonal facet, with engaged brick piers dividing them from the side elevations. An entrance with metal double doors is located. In between the corners are four evenly spaced single and double windows on both stories, set with the lower hopper windows seen elsewhere on the building. The third story has another simulated oculus similar to the other ones.</p><br>
<h4>Interior</h4><br>
<p>Behind the three main entrance doorways is an interior vestibule. It has polished concrete floors, simulated stone walls and Art Deco piers. Three more doors, wooden with glass panels topped by five-light transoms, open into the main lobby.</p><br>
<p>The concrete floors and simulated stone walls continue into the lobby. They are complemented by Art Deco pilasters rising to a coffered ceiling. Elaborate surrounds with cast stone entablatures frame the doorways to the two former main administrative offices off the lobby.</p><br>
<p>On the second and third stories 10 ft corridors run through the center. They are surfaced in tile, walled in concrete and drywall over terra cotta walls, and have modern acoustic tile ceilings. A few alcoves remain from where display cases were set into the walls.</p><br>
<p>The former library occupies the east side of the second and third stories. The monumental windows on that face of the main block provide abundant natural light. Entrance is through the wood and glass doors, set in decorative wooden surrounds, along both walls. Casement windows in the third floor let in additional light from within. A cast iron spiral staircase provides access to the mezzanine, which has an iron railing, tiled floor and painted walls and ceilings.</p><br>
<p>Upstairs, a single open space was later partitioned into classrooms. They all have gypsum walls and modern dropped ceilings. All rooms have solid metal doors; some have closets with wood and glass doors. Metal staircases on either end of the section provide access to the roof.</p><br>
<p>Within the block are two sets of staircases connecting the basement to the third floor. They are primarily metal, but with an additional wooden handrail. An elevator is also located on the south side.</p><br>
<p>The corridors continue into both wings, where classrooms have been converted into apartments in various configurations. Both end pavilions contain gymnasiums with an acoustic ceiling, bleachers and a mezzanine level. Near them are locker rooms and staircases similar to those found in the central section. The basement of the north wing also has steam tunnels.</p><br>
<p>A boiler room is located in the basement of the auditorium wing. The auditorium itself has seats on the first floor with a stage at the west end; a balcony level is located at the east end, with access from the second floor. The walls are of plaster covering terra-cotta brick laid in running bond, with salt glaze on the window trimmings. Art Deco pilasters frame the stage and windows. Stairs similar to those elsewhere in the building are located backstage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school was built in response to increasing demands on the educational system, and changes in educational theory. During the 77 years it was open, it went from being a junior high school to a magnet school.</p><br>
<h3>1796–1928: Public education in Albany</h3><br>
<p>Albany established its public school system in 1796, shortly after American independence. In 1832 it built it first school building. Over the next century the state expanded the funding options available for local schools if they expanded their offerings in turn, such as providing secondary education. By the 1920s Albany&#39;s school district operated 25 elementary schools and its high school.</p><br>
<p>Since the beginning of the 20th century, education professionals had been advocating for an intermediate level of schooling between the elementary schools, which focused on teaching basic skills to children, and the high schools of the time, where curricula centered around specific subjects with the intent of preparing students for careers or higher education. A significant number of high school freshmen, unprepared for the change in emphasis, left school and sought work instead. With high immigration to the cities at the time, the unskilled workforce was already growing steadily. School administrators and elected officials were receptive to any proposal that would keep more of these students in school until graduation.</p><br>
<p>The new junior high school model put students in grades seven through nine in a separate building, where they could be adjusted to the academic rigor expected of them at the high school level more slowly. Elsewhere in New York, Rochester became the first city to establish a junior high school in 1915. A year later the state&#39;s Education Department began encouraging other municipalities to start their own.</p><br>
<p>Albany established its first junior high schools in 1922, using space in its existing buildings. William Hackett, elected mayor that year, committed $1.5 million of the city&#39;s money to build its first junior high school. The school, designed by prominent local architect Marcus T. Reynolds and named after Hackett, opened its Delaware Avenue campus to 600 students in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Almost immediately it was evident that another such school would be needed. Two years later, the city council passed an ordinance authorizing the city to acquire land in the north of the city. By the end of 1929, a million-dollar loan had been secured, and very soon thereafter the city bought four parcels of land near the Arbor Hill neighborhood, combining them into a single lot where the present school building stands.</p><br>
<p>At that time, Arbor Hill was growing. Albany, like other Northern cities, was experiencing the Great Migration of African Americans leaving the South in search of jobs in manufacturing and the other industries that sprung up around it. Most of those new arrivals, like previous migrants to Albany, settled first in the South End. Those who prospered and could afford to do so had begun to settle in Arbor Hill.</p><br>
<h3>1929–32: Design and construction</h3><br>
<p>Andrew Delehanty was commissioned to design the school. The son of an Irish-born mason, he had taught himself architecture and designed several other schools for the city, as well as a church and firehouse. His plan called for an 800 ft building in a "Georgian" architectural style. What was at the time referred to as Arbor Hill Junior High School was expected to cost a million dollars and be "one of the most modern equipped and furnished schools in the state," according to the Albany Times Union. The original plans also called for a roof garden, but it was never built.</p><br>
<p>At the outset of construction the school district hoped to have the building completed in time for the 1930 school year. That estimate was pushed back a year when closing the land acquisitions took longer than expected, meaning grading and other site preparation was delayed. These delays in turn led to difficulties with the labor unions representing workers on the job, anxious with the onset of the Great Depression. By January 1931 only the foundation was complete.</p><br>
<p>Three months later workers found the body of a 10-year-old boy while draining a pond at the site, highlighting some safety concerns the unions had raised. But later that year the pace of work finally picked up. By fall the school superintendent and mayor both announced that the school would be open for the next school year, even as the district began planning a third junior high in the western neighborhoods of the city.</p><br>
<h3>1932–46: School and community center</h3><br>
<p>In September 1932 the school opened, now named for Philip Livingston, an Albany native who had signed the Declaration of Independence. Mayor John Boyd Thacher II proudly noted that despite its delayed opening, its enrollment was more than double Hacketts yet it had cost less to build. Its amenities included a thousand-seat auditorium, gymnasium, swimming pool and conservatory. "It would be difficult to find anywhere a building more satisfactorily planned and built, and more efficiently equipped," the school superintendent wrote in the districts annual report. The school cafeterias kitchen prepared food not just for its own students but for other schools in the city; for its entire lifetime it remained the main office of the districts food-services department.</p><br>
<p>Philip Livingston soon became one of the citys distinctive buildings, despite its location away from downtown. "Because of its great size, impressive appearance and splendid location," a 1936 guidebook to the Albany schools said, "it is considered Albanys outstanding school building... It is the embodiment of the ideals of beauty and utility."</p><br>
<p>The building did more than just educate students through early adolescence. Until the city canceled the program at Philip Livingston in 1938 due to declining enrollment, it hosted night school classes as well. Arbor Hill residents came to the school to cast their votes in election.</p><br>
<p>Cultural activities were also held in the auditorium. The recently established Albany Symphony Orchestra, then known as the People&#39;s Symphony of Albany, rehearsed there and sometimes performed concerts. In 1934, its founder John Carabella, premiered his original work The Helderbergs, "a symphonic poem dedicated to the citizens of Albany", at Philip Livingston.</p><br>
<p>Other notable people of the era made appearances at the building. Amelia Earhart spoke at the school at the end of 1935 just after she became the first person to fly solo over the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to California. The next year, dancer and choreographer Ted Shawn brought his Men Dancers to the auditoriums stage as part of his effort to show that ballet could be for men, too, an effort that culminated in the establishment of the annual Jacobs Pillow dance festival in nearby Western Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h3>1947: Paul Robeson controversy</h3><br>
<p>In May 1947 the school board granted permission for a concert by Paul Robeson in the auditorium that was primarily to consist of traditional African American spirituals. However, they were overridden by Erastus Corning 2nd, then five years into his four-decade run as Albany mayor. Corning justified the decision by saying Robeson, who he called "one of a group invariably found supporting the Communist Party and its front organizations", often sang Communist songs at his concerts. as he did not believe school buildings should be used for "controversial affairs."</p><br>
<p>Corning was attacked as a racist, not only in Albany but by telegrams and letters that his office received from all over the country. The Civil Rights Congress of Albany called it "a flagrant violation of our civil liberties" and retained a local lawyer, Arthur Harvey, to file suit. He argued before state Supreme Court Justice Isadore Bookstein that the agreement between the board and the church cultural organization that sponsored the concert was a contract, rather than a permit, that the city could not so easily revoke. Harvey characterized Cornings action as "a slur on the Negro people as a whole." On the other side, veterans organizations held pickets outside City Hall, urging citizens to boycott the performance as a patriotic duty.</p><br>
<p>Bookstein soon ruled on the case. He issued an injunction requiring the city to let Robeson perform, but only as long as he sang and did not give any speeches. When the concert was held, Corning had city police standing by to stop the performance if Robeson began making a speech. But they did not interrupt—before a capacity crowd, Robeson performed to great acclaim, although he did include on the program two songs sung during the Spanish Civil War.</p><br>
<h3>1948–1969: Expansion</h3><br>
<p>The school continued in its role as a community and cultural center throughout the postwar years. Despite its access to larger and better space, the orchestra continued to give concerts there as late as the mid-1950s. For years, a local church raised money through performances of its gospel choir. A performance of The Mikado was staged there in 1958, and touring glee clubs and a cappella groups found the Philip Livingston auditorium an ideal venue.</p><br>
<p>In 1967 came the most significant alteration to the building. Architect William Gleason designed a one-story cafeteria wing (no longer extant) that projected from the back of the building. It was of more modern design, and thus considered a non-contributing portion of the building when it was later listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Two years later the school was again the focus of a race-related controversy in the city. A hundred protesters against racial discrimination in the school system were arrested in the building. With tensions high in the wake of the incident, the city closed all its schools for two days afterwards.</p><br>
<h3>1970–2009: Magnet school era, decline and closure</h3><br>
<p>In response to the protesters&#39; concerns, the school district applied for grants from the Magnet Schools Assistance Program, established by the federal government under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. The intent was to remake the school as a magnet school and thus ease racial segregation. By the early 1970s this had been done and the school was officially renamed Philip Livingston Magnet Academy.</p><br>
<p>However, over the last quarter of the 20th century the school itself began to decline. The building began showing signs of aging, at the same time as financial shortfalls led to maintenance being deferred. Within it, educational achievement began to decline as disciplinary problems rose. By the end of the century it was on the state&#39;s Persistently Dangerous Schools list. Pressure from parents in Arbor Hill led to the establishment of private charter schools in the area, and enrollment at Philip Livingston began to fall as that option became available to parents.</p><br>
<p>Under new leadership in the late 1990s, the school began to reverse those trends. By the late 2000s, it had been taken off the dangerous schools list, and student test scores were increasing again. However, the building&#39;s physical plant continued to deteriorate.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 the district diverted $19 million meant for maintenance to Philip Livingston to other schools instead. Two years later the superintendent proposed remodeling the building into a high school dedicated to engineering, nanotechnology and environmental science, but the school board rejected the idea. Parents, believing that the district was unwilling to make the necessary investments in the aging school, increasingly chose to send their children to the new charter schools in the Arbor Hill neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>By that time, the school was down to 250 students, well below the amount it had been designed for. Enrollment increased slightly the next year, as did test scores, but not to the level where the school board felt it could justify keeping it open any longer. In 2009 the school graduated its last class of eighth graders, and closed permanently.</p><br>
<h3>2010–present: Adaptation to senior housing</h3><br>
<p>Assuming that students whose parents had chosen the charter schools would never return, the district put the building up for sale.</p><br>
<p>Support for the sale among the school board members was not unanimous. "Im concerned that were getting rid of a building we had for a long time, we had big plans for that building," said one, Melissa Mackey. "We still have space concerns," she added, noting that the district&#39;s remaining middle schools were almost at capacity.</p><br>
<p>Renovations were completed and the apartments opened in 2013; the 1967 cafeteria wing was removed during that time to provide more parking. Two years later, other members of the city school board came to share Mackeys regrets. By 2015, some of the charter schools had closed, leaving many students with no other option but to return to Albanys public schools. In elections that year, voters rejected the district&#39;s plans for a new high school. Shortly afterward, the district learned it needed more middle school space.</p><br>
<p>The board hoped to be able to obtain space for a fourth middle school on the north side of the city by 2018. One member, Rose Brandon, lamented that Livingston could no longer be reused. "We had a beautiful one there," she said at a meeting. "Prior boards and superintendents decided to close that school... Now it appears we need a school on exactly that side of the city." While the decision was irreversible by that time, she still called it "a serious injustice."</p><br>
<p>1100 Grand Concourse is a co-operative apartment building located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx, New York City. It was built in 1928 and was originally called the John Ericsson Building; John Ericsson&#39;s name can still be found in several parts of the structure. It has been considered by The New York Times as one of the most prominent residential buildings in the Bronx.</p><br>
<p>The building is part of the Grand Concourse Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Lazarus Joseph (1891–1966), NY State Senator and New York City Comptroller.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The James Monroe Tomb is the burial place of USA President James Monroe in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia, United States. The principal feature of the tomb is an architecturally unusual cast iron cage, designed by Albert Lybrock and installed in 1859 after Monroe&#39;s body was moved from Marble Cemetery in New York City. The tomb was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its unique architecture. To Richmonders it is colloquially known as The Birdcage.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The James Monroe Tomb is located in the southern reaches of Hollywood Cemetery, in a prominent location surrounded by a circular drive and overlooking the James River. Monroe&#39;s body rests in a simple granite sarcophagus that is set on a granite plinth. Surrounding the sarcophagus is an elaborate Gothic Revival cast iron "cage", measuring about 9 x. Each face of the cage has a lancet-arched shape similar to that found in the tracery of larger Gothic stained glass windows, with a rose window pattern at the top of the arch. On the long sides, this main arch is flanked by narrow arches. The corners of the cage have colonettes surmounted by tabernacle-like structures. The top of the cage consists of ogee-curved elements meeting at a central spire. The grave of another president, John Tyler, is located just a few yards away.</p><br>
<p>James Monroe died in New York City in 1831, and was interred in Marble Cemetery. In 1856, Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise sought to repatriate Monroes remains to his native state. The state appropriated funds, and Monroes remains were transported to Richmond aboard the steamship Jamestown. The tomb, erected in 1859, was designed by the German-born architect Albert Lybrock, and its cast iron elements were cast by Wood and Perot of Philadelphia. The tomb is considered architecturally significant first for the scale of its use of cast iron, a material not commonly used at that time for that purpose, and for delicacy and degree of flamboyancy achieved in its creation, which could not have been done in stone.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, as a part of plans to celebrate the 200th Anniversary of Monroes election as Americas fifth president, Monroes tomb received a $900,000 makeover from the Department of General Services in the state of Virginia. Almost forty percent of the tombs cast iron structure was repaired and returned to a color closer to its original state. The restoration took close to a year to complete and was finished in September 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Ellen Glasgow House, also known as the Branch-Glasgow House, is a historic house at 1 West Main Street in Richmond, Virginia. Built in 1841, it is nationally significant as the home of writer Ellen Glasgow  from 1887 until her death. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ellen Glasgow House is located in Richmonds Monroe Ward neighborhood, at the southwest corner of Foushee Street. It is a three-story stuccoed brick structure, with a hip roof. A narrow ell extends to the rear, and a porch extends across the rest of the rear. The main entrance is centered on the northern facade, sheltered by a porch supported by Greek Revival Doric columns. The interior is laid out with public rooms on the ground floor, with kitchen and servants quarters in the ell, and two bedrooms upstairs. One was used by Ellen Glasgow has her bedroom, and the other as her office, where she did much of her writing.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1841 by David Branch, and was acquired by the parents of Ellen Glasgow when she was a teenager. She made this her home for the remainder of her life, during which time she wrote a series of novels, all set in her native Virginia. The combined opus provides a window into the social life of the region from about 1850 well into the 20th century. Glasgow was recognized in 1942 with the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel for her 1941 In This Our Life.</p><br>
<p>After Glasgow&#39;s death in 1945, the house was purchased by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (now Preservation Virginia). The organization has since sold the property.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, some of the rooms of the Ellen Glasgow House served as office space for Richmond Public Schools. On the property beyond the backyard garden was The Carriage House Gallery, part of the Ellen Glasgow House which featured exhibitions by local Richmond artists, including pinhole photographer Willie Anne Wright.</p><br>
<p>Carter Glass House is a historic house at 605 Clay Street in Lynchburg, Virginia. Built in 1827, it is nationally significant as the longtime home of United States Congressman, Senator, and Treasury Secretary Carter Glass , who championed creation of the Federal Reserve System and passage of the Glass-Steagall Act, which constrained banking activities. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. It now serves as a parish hall for the adjacent St. Paul&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Carter Glass House is located in Lynchburgs Court House Hill area, on the west side of Clay Street south of 6th Street. It shares the block with St. Pauls Church, from which it is separated by a broad lawn. It is a -story, almost square, red brick dwelling. It sits on a raised basement and has a shallow slate covered hipped roof. The front facade features a one-bay wide, wood-floored, Ionic order portico supported by four columns and two pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1827 by John Mill, a local lawyer and architect. In 1853 it passed to his daughter and son-in-law, George Dixon Davis. In 1907 it was purchased by Carter Glass, who made the house is primary residence until 1923, and owned it until his death in 1946. It was acquired by the church in 1960. Glass was responsible for modernizing the house&#39;s systems and adding dormers to its roof; there have been only modest changes since his ownership.</p><br>
<p>Carter Glass was a major political figure in the fundamental development of the United States financial systems. As a Congressman, he chaired the House Committee on Banking and Currency, co-sponsoring the Glass-Owen Bill which in 1913 established the Federal Reserve System. In 1920 he was elected to the Senate, where he sponsored the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which required separation between investment and commercial banking. During the 1930s he was a leading critic and opponent of President Franklin Delano Roosevelts New Deal reforms.</p><br>
<p>The Market Street Row is located on the west side of that street in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States, just south of Hulme Park and across from the Adriance Memorial Library, on the southern edge of downtown. It includes three houses, including the Mott-Van Kleeck House, the oldest frame house in the city.</p><br>
<p>Market Street is Poughkeepsies oldest, in existence in 1709 when a royal decree made it part of the Kings Highway, later to become the Albany Post Road after independence. The Mott-Van Kleeck House was built around 1780 by a descendant of the Van Kleeck family, one of Poughkeepsie&#39;s oldest. Stylistically it is a precursor to the Federal style, in which later decorative motifs were added. For many years it indicated the beginning of Poughkeepsie to travelers.</p><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, around 1880, the two neighboring houses were built. They were ornate -story brick structures with peaked slate roofs, iron cresting, and Shingle-style porches. A tower was added to the Mott-Van Kleeck House, in sympathetic colors and materials.</p><br>
<p>In the automotive era, Market Street was incorporated into US 9, the main route for drivers from New York City to Albany until the construction of the New York State Thruway and the subsequent rerouting of Route 9 onto a new expressway through the city. The houses became decrepit and were threatened during urban renewal efforts in the 1970s. They were preserved instead, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Today they have been redeveloped into commercial offices, like the Hasbrouck House and Amrita Club nearby.</p><br>
<p>Weippe Prairie is a "beautiful upland prairie field of about two by three miles bordered by farmland made from cleared pine forests" at 3,000 feet elevation in Clearwater County, Idaho, at Weippe, Idaho. Camas flowers grow well there, and attracted native gatherers of the camas roots. It is the location in Idaho where the Lewis and Clark Expedition emerged from crossing the Bitterroot Mountains on the Lolo Trail and first met the Nez Perce tribe of Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>The field is now part of Nez Perce National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>On September 20, 1805, the first members of Lewis and Clarks Corps of Discovery, including Clark himself, emerged starving and weak onto the Weippe Prairie. By September 22, 1805, the entire expedition made it to Weippe Prairie. Lewis and Clark met many of the Nez Perce chiefs. One of them, Red Bear, gave them dressed buckskins. Lewis and Clark reciprocated with presents of "beads and a few other articles". The Nez Perce "later found the white mans gifts to be cheap."</p><br>
<p>The Nez Perce purportedly were predisposed to be friendly to the white explorers due to the positive stories told by a young woman of their tribe who had been stolen and sold into slavery, eventually sold to and lived with white people, and then returned to the Nez Perce. This woman, named Watkuweis (meaning "returned from a faraway country"), when hearing of the arrival of Lewis and Clark, pleaded that they not be harmed. Her tales of the kindness she had experienced with the white people reportedly convinced the Nez Perce to offer friendship to the explorers. The Nez Perce provided camas root cakes and other food, helped them build canoes for their continued westward journey and mapped out the water route the expedition would follow. The expedition cached some materials there, and found the caches untouched when they returned in spring 1806. They also left the expedition&#39;s horses. The Nez Perce were divided about returning the horses, but the Corps eventually regained most of them. Upon their return in 1806, they spent an extended time from May to late June with the Nez Perce, due to the late spring in the Bitterroot Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The part of Weippe Prairie most associated with the Lewis and Clark expedition, covered with camas and close to the town of Weippe, Idaho, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. It is one of 38 scattered sites covered by the Nez Perce National Historical Park which interprets the site. The name Weippe, pronounced WEE-ipe, is derived from a Nez-Perce name whose meaning has been variously defined as a "very old place" or as referring to a spring of water or the camas grounds. A literal translation has not been found.</p><br>
<p>"This national historic landmark is also associated with the 1877 Nez Perce War; the nontreaty bands held a council on this prairie following the Clearwater Battle."</p><br>
<p>Dauer Hall is a historic building on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Dauer Hall is a contributing property in the University of Florida Campus Historic District which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 20, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Rudolph Weaver in the Collegiate Gothic architectural style, the building was built in 1936. Because the Great Depression caused a shortage of funds, the building took several years to construct, and its distinctive stained glass windows on the east facade were not placed until 1938. William Jennings Bryan was one fundraiser for the construction of the hall.</p><br>
<p>Originally the site of the student union, the building was called the Florida Union. The building housed a bookstore, small library, hotel, soda fountain, banquet hall and ballroom (in what later became the Keene Faculty Center, see below), chapel, game room, "sundry ship," and student organization offices (including those of not-yet independent student newspaper, the Florida Alligator, whose officers were in the basement). Later part of the second floor was used by the Religion Department and the YMCA. The Florida Union, moved to the new building on Museum Road (later renamed the J. Wayne Reitz Union) when that building was completed in 1967.</p><br>
<p>The building was then given to the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences to be used for classrooms and faculty office space, and was renamed the Arts and Sciences Building. The building adopted its current name in 1975 in honor of Manning J. Dauer, the longtime chairman of the political science department.</p><br>
<h2>Keene Faculty Center</h2><br>
<p>The Keene Faculty Center located in the western wing of Dauer Hall is a multipurpose room used mainly by College of Liberal Arts and Sciences faculty.</p><br>
<h3>Facilities</h3><br>
<p>The high-ceilinged room comprises 1,600 ft&sup2; and has wood panelling and flooring as well as arched windows. The main floor consists of a commons room (measuring 32 by 54 feet), a storage room, and a small kitchen. The commons room has couches, easy chairs, 20 trestle table, and 75 dining chairs. Open to faculty and guests weekdays from 9 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. as a coffee, reading, and discussion room, it can be reserved for use in late afternoons, evenings, and on weekends, for other activities, such as dinners (with seating for up to 50), receptions, concerts, lectures, conferences, and meetings.</p><br>
<p>The gallery on the second floor overlooks the main floor and is used for smaller functions. It can accommodate up to 14 people at a luncheon.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The Keene Faculty Center was built in the late 1930s as the Banquet Hall, and it was the upper part of the two-story Food Services building, connected to Florida Union (Dauer Hall) on the east, and the University Dining Hall on the west. (The University Dining Hall, UF&#39;s original dining hall, was designed by William Augustus Edwards and was built in 1912. It was also known as "the Commons" and was later named Johnson Hall. It was destroyed in a fire in 1987 and the Academic Advising Center now occupies the site).</p><br>
<p>The Banquet Hall opened in 1936 or 1937 and included chandeliers left over from the construction of University Auditorium. Originally the basement part of the room was used as a "short-order café" and bookstore and the upper portion was used for banquets.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Army officer trainees that lived in UF residence halls used the room as a mess hall. After the war, the hall was designated part of the Florida Union and became known as the Florida Union Social Room. Most "large University dinner events" shifted to The Hub after that building was completed in 1950, but the Union Social Room was still use for banquets occasionally, such as for the annual Caribbean Conference.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s and 1960s, the room was used as a ballroom and for student activities, including information fairs, student elections, and pep rallies. William E. Rion, an early director of the Florida Union, said that "smaller campus dances" were held almost every Friday night, with "street dances right outside for the larger crowds." Bands would play music from the balcony down to guests below. A series of international dinners was also held in the room.</p><br>
<p>After the Florida Union moved to Museum Road in 1967 (where it remains as the J. Wayne Reitz Union), Dauer Hall was given to the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences to alleviate a critical shortage of classroom and office space, and from 1970 to 1997, Social Room was a language lab with close to 50 listening stations.</p><br>
<p>The Social Room was restored to its early 20th-century appearance in a $500,000 project funded by Kenneth and Janet Keene, for whom the room was renamed. The restored room was dedicated on November 12, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Infirmary, now known as the Student Health Care Center, is a historic building on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida in the United States. It was designed by Rudolph Weaver in the Collegiate Gothic style and built in 1931. Since 1983, it has served as a student outpatient clinic.</p><br>
<p>The Infirmary is a contributing property in the University of Florida Campus Historic District. On April 20, 1989, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Accreditation</h2><br>
<p>The center was successfully granted its latest three-year Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care (AAAHC) accreditation term (May 31, 2014 through May 30, 2017) on April 21, 2014.</p><br>
<p>While more than 5,000 ambulatory health care organizations across the USA are accredited by the AAAHC, just 220 of those accredited are college health services. The center was first accredited in 1984 by The Joint Commission, later changing to AAAHC accreditation to better match the facility and its services.</p><br>
<p>The Leigh Hall, originally known as the Chemistry-Pharmacy Building, is an historic building on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, in the United States. It was designed by Rudolph Weaver in the Collegiate Gothic style and was built in 1927. In 1949 the pharmacy college moved to new quarters and the building was renamed Leigh Hall for Townes R. Leigh, longtime chairman of the chemistry department. A west wing was added in 1949 and the building was renovated in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Leigh Hall is a contributing property in the University of Florida Campus Historic District which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 20, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1926 the department of chemistry at the University of Florida had grown substantially that the enrollment included about 700 students with a faculty of four professors, two assistant professors, a full-time curator, four fellows, and fourteen assistants spread across several buildings. At the time, the Collage of Pharmacy occupied portions of the basement of Science Hall (later renamed Keene-Flint Hall) and Peabody halls with an enrollment of approximately fifty students. New facilities were needed for both colleges and, as such, a new building was proposed to the Florida State Legislature at the projected cost of $350,000 of which the Legislature approved $220,000 for the construction of the first phase for a new building to house both the departments of Chemistry and Pharmacy.</p><br>
<p>The total plan called for a hollow square design providing for ample daylight by “all passageways to and from various parts of the building open on the light wells inside. The north end of the building will consist of three stories and an attic, while the two wings, south and center will only be two stories high. A basement was considered undesirable because of the difficulty in this locality of keeping a basement dry. The first two floors of the building will be occupied by the department of chemistry. The College of Pharmacy will occupy the third floor.”</p><br>
<p>The building design was Gothic in style, adorned with the names of famous chemists and pharmacists in raised stone along the cornice of the building: Pasteur, Faraday, Avogadro, Wohler, Schaele, Proust, Cordus, Lavoisier, Perkin, Berzelius, Dalton, Mendeleeff, Curie, Liebig, and then with the 1947 addition, Gibbs, Cavendish, and Power. Also carved in stone on the cornice were gargoyles and the alchemists’ symbols for the elements. These symbols were repeated on the copper rain gutters – and encircled dot for gold (the Sun); a crescent for silver (the Moon); a circle with an arrow for iron (Mars); an encircled X for copper (Venus); the number 4 for tin (Jupiter); and an encircled X with crescent for Mercury (the metal and the planet).</p><br>
<p>Modern safety considerations were part of the design with, “As far as possible, laboratories have been placed above laboratories and classrooms above classrooms. This system is economical from the standpoint of cost of installing plumbing, and there is practically no danger in a classroom being damaged by a leak overhead.”</p><br>
<p>The building in 1927 consisting of a 160-foot north wing, three stories in height, with an attic and the one-story main stockroom, but was designed so an additional story for a lecture hall and a laboratory wing could be added which was done in later years. Construction started on October of 1926 with the cornerstone being laid December 15, 1926, and completed enough to be occupied in the Fall of 1927. The building when first occupied was only partially finished, there were no electric light fixtures, mastic on the floors, paint on the walls, plaster on the stockroom walls, or varnish on the woodwork. The temporary tar paper roof was replaced by one of tile in 1928. The stockroom woodwork and redwood shelves were finally varnished in 1930.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1930’s, the one ton bell from the Battleship Florida was installed in a clock atop the roof of Leigh Hall which was struck each hour. With the completion of Century Tower and its electronic bell system in 1956, the Leigh Hall clock was removed, and the bell was put in storage. In 1960, the bell was installed atop the stands in the north end zone at Florida Field, where it was traditionally rung by either cheerleaders or fans at the conclusion of a victory by the Florida Gator football team. The bell was later restored and is now housed in the lobby of the Museum of Florida History.</p><br>
<p>The stockrooms for the building were of special consideration for its purpose. “The central location and arrangement of the stock rooms are unique features. The stockrooms will be readily accessible to students in all laboratories. The general chemistry laboratory, which demands considerable stock-room service, will be served through two windows from the main stock room. The other large laboratory, qualitative analysis which will be used temporarily by students in organic chemistry also, will be supplied from the smaller stock rooms directly above the main stock room. The efficiency of the stock-room service will be enhanced by elevator or dumb waiter service.”</p><br>
<p>The long-planned-for auditorium-lecture room was built atop the main stock room in 1938 was an impressive addition at two stories in height, seating 350 students and had two adjoined preparation rooms.</p><br>
<p>In 1947-1948 a major addition to Leigh Hall was done taking the building to the configuration as it is today. The addition included the west addition, and the fourth and fifth floors. The addition included an elevator by the Otis Elevator Company.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1949 the building was named in honor of after Dr. Townes Randolph Leigh.</p><br>
<p>Renovations to Leigh Hall were carried out in the 1970’s with the refurbishing of the General and Organic Chemistry teaching laboratories with new benches, hoods and Pyrex drains. Further plans for renovation at the time were never carried out because it was impossible to vacate the building for the renovation. It wasn’t until the 1990’s, with the addition of the new Chemistry Laboratory building, that Leigh Hall was vacated and renovated.</p><br>
<p>On October 28, 1994, a rededication of the recently $10 million total renovated Leigh Hall was held including the opening of the time capsule sealed in the Leigh Hall cornerstone since 1926. From Dr. Leigh’s dedication speech on December 15, 1926, the time capsule contained a “copper chest with over three score messages from those living to those who will be living centuries hence when it is removed from its ancient seat and the light of an older sun discloses tidings from those long dead.” The chest also contained the catalogue of the College of Pharmacy, December 15th copy of the Gainesville Sun, histories of the Department of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, the Jubilee Edition of the American Chemical Society, rosters of the Leigh Chemical Society, Mortar and Pestle Society, the Gamma Sigma Epsilon Fraternity, the Biennium Report of the Dean of the College of Pharmacy, material relating to the Florida State Pharmaceutical Association, the roll of classes in Pharmacy and Chemistry, and laboratory lists. The chest also contained a sealed envelope from the Architect that he requested not be opened at the time it was placed into the chest. Dr. Leigh wrote, “The contents of the stone will disclose our head, our heart and our hopes to posterity. How I wish we might read this. They will know us but we will not know them: for the optics of history bring the past into view but there is no lens that we can fix upon the future and bring it into our field of vision.”</p><br>
<p>Catholic Cemetery, formerly known as the Stone Street Cemetery, is a historic 150 acre cemetery located in Mobile, Alabama. It was established in 1848 by Michael Portier, a native of Montbrison, France and the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Mobile. The cemetery contains roughly 18,000 burials and has plots dedicated to various Roman Catholic religious institutes, including the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, Daughters of Charity, Little Sisters of the Poor, and Sisters of Mercy. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 3, 1991, as a part of the Historic Roman Catholic Properties in Mobile Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Catholic Cemetery was established by the Archdiocese of Mobile on December 18, 1848, when the first acreage was purchased north of Three Mile Creek by Bishop Michael Portier. It was founded to serve the needs of Mobiles Roman Catholic citizens after the Catholic section of Church Street Graveyard was filled to capacity after various yellow fever epidemics struck the city in the 1830s. The 1848 section covers 5 acre and features an unusual design consisting of three large concentric rings, instead of the more typical east–west configuration. The circular design surrounds a square plot dedicated to the Daughters of Charity, with a large marble monument in the center commemorating their sacrifices during a yellow fever outbreak in 1853. It was platted in this manner under the direction of Portier and was possibly executed by Claude Beroujon, who designed Mobiles Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception a decade earlier. The vast majority of burials predate the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>By January 1866 the older section of the cemetery was full, prompting Bishop John Quinlan to purchase an additional 15 acre adjacent to the existing area. The new section was planned with a grid configuration, with the grave plots oriented to a new central drive. This section contains the plots for the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, Little Sisters of the Poor, and Sisters of Mercy. It contains the graves of Father Ryan and Admiral Raphael Semmes, which made it an important Confederate pilgrimage site during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This area of the cemetery was expanded numerous times by land purchases in 1903, 1910, and 1921. In keeping with its main purpose as a religious burial ground, a permanent altar with a tall bronze Crucifixion scene was added by 1929 for the All Soul&#39;s Day Mass and Rosary.</p><br>
<p>The New Catholic Cemetery was opened to the rear of the older burials in 1948, greatly expanding the total acreage of the cemetery as a whole. This newest section offered perpetual care, something lacking within the older sections. The oldest areas of the cemetery became neglected, vandalized, and overgrown after this period, as family members died or moved away. Efforts to tame this area began in 1984, but it had become overgrown again within a decade. The archdiocese hired a crew to keep the cemetery clear of overgrowth in 1998</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Tommie Aaron, baseball player, coach and brother of Hank Aaron.</p><br>
<p>Timothy Meaher, a wealthy 19th century shipyard owner and shipper. He owned the infamous slave ship Clotilda.</p><br>
<p>John L. Rapier, owner of the Mobile Register and postmaster of Mobile.</p><br>
<p>Father Abram Joseph Ryan, widely known as the "Poet-Priest of the Confederacy."</p><br>
<p>Admiral Raphael Semmes, captain of the famous commerce raider CSS Alabama.</p><br>
<p>Skull Cave is a small and shallow cave on the central heights of Mackinac Island in Michigan, United States. The cave was carved during the Algonquin post-glacial period by the waters of Lake Algonquin, a swollen meltwater ancestor of today&#39;s Lake Huron.</p><br>
<p>Skull Cave is primarily of interest for its historical associations. It is believed to have been used as an inhumation site by Native Americans of the Straits of Mackinac area in the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>While in active use as a site for human remains, the cave was also used as a refuge in 1763 by fur trader Alexander Henry, a survivor of the capture of Fort Michilimackinac by Native Americans during Pontiac&#39;s War. In his "Memoirs," Henry recalled a night spent as a refugee in the bone-strewn cavern.</p><br>
<p>Henry recalled his ordeal as follows:</p><br>
<p>On going into the cave, of which the entrance was nearly ten feet wide, I found the further end to be rounded in its shape, like that of an oven, but with a further aperture, too small, however, to be explored. After thus looking around me, I broke small branches from the trees and spread them for a bed, then wrapped myself in my blanket and slept till day-break. On awaking, I felt myself incommoded by some object upon which I lay, and, removing it, found it to be a bone. This I supposed to be that of a deer, or some other animal, and what might very naturally be looked for in the place in which I was; but when daylight visited my chamber I discovered, with some feelings of horror, that I was lying on nothing less than a heap of human bones and skulls, which covered the floor!</p><br>
<p>Skull Cave is contained within Mackinac Island State Park. It is located 0.4 miles (0.6 km) north of Fort Mackinac in the island&#39;s interior. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site on January 12, 1959, and granted state historical marker #L0004.</p><br>
<p>Mialoquo  is a prehistoric and historic Native American site in Monroe County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. The site saw significant periods of occupation during the Mississippian period  and later as a Cherokee refugee village. While the archaeological site of Mialoquo  was situated on the southwest bank of the Little Tennessee River, the village&#39;s habitation area probably included part of Rose Island, a large island in the river immediately opposite the site. Rose Island was occupied on at least a semi-permanent basis as early as the Middle Archaic period.</p><br>
<p>Both the Mialoquo site and Rose Island are now submerged by the Tellico Lake impoundment of the Little Tennessee River. The area is now managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. Both sites are visible looking north from the USA Route 411 bridge over the river in Vonore or looking west from Wildcat Point, a cliff on the eastern bank of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Little Tennessee River enters Tennessee from a gap between the Great Smoky Mountains and the Unicoi Mountains and flows for just over 50 mi before emptying into the Tennessee River. Tellico Lake, created by the completion of Tellico Dam in 1979, spans the lower 33 mi of the river. Before inundation, the Mialoquo site was located at the rivers Island Creek confluence, just under 17 mi above the rivers mouth. Rose Island spanned the river between 16.8 mi and 18.4 mi above the mouth of the river. Both sites were just south of a bend in the river known as Wears Bend and just north of the river&#39;s confluence with the Tellico River.</p><br>
<p>Wildcat Point, a cliff overlooking the now submerged Rose Island and Mialoquo sites, is connected to Tellico Parkway via a seasonal hiking trail. The hills and knobs that flank the river on both sides are part of the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley Physiographic Province.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to ethnologist James Mooney, the term "Mialoquo" comes from the Cherokee word for "Great Island." This name refers to the villages situation on and adjacent to what is now known as Rose Island which was the largest island in the Little Tennessee River before the creation of Tellico Lake. Mialoquo doesnt enter the historical record until 1761, when it appeared on Henry Timberlakes "Draught of the Cherokee Country." Timberlake—visiting the Overhill settlements as a peace emissary—reported 18 houses at Mialoquo, both on the mainland and Rose Island, but doesnt indicate the existence of a townhouse. Timberlake reported 24 Overhill Cherokee warriors residing at Mialoquo under the governorship of Attakullakulla, who at the time was the chief of the nearby village of Tuskegee. Since the Cherokee didn&#39;t consider a village a "town" unless it had a townhouse, the lack of a townhouse at Mialoquo may have been the reason for its relatively late appearance in historical records.</p><br>
<p>Historical evidence suggests Mialoquo may have been formed by refugees fleeing the destruction of the Lower and Middle towns by Colonial forces in 1761. John Norton wrote in his journal that after James Grant destroyed the Cherokee town of Kittowa (near modern Bryson City, North Carolina) that year, the survivors fled to "Big Island." Mialoquo does not appear on a 1757 map of the Overhill towns but appears on Timberlake&#39;s map, suggesting the town may have been formed between 1757 and 1761.</p><br>
<p>By the time the Revolutionary War was being fought, Dragging Canoe had become chief at Mialoquo. In 1776, after the Cherokee aligned themselves with the British, the colonies dispatched Colonel William Christian to subdue the hostile Overhill towns. Christian arrived unopposed and established his headquarters at Mialoquo, where he held peace talks with tribal leaders Attakullakulla and Oconastota. When Dragging Canoe refused to negotiate, however, Christian destroyed Mialoquo and four other Overhill towns.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological findings</h2><br>
<p>Cyrus Thomas, working for the Smithsonian Institution, conducted a mound survey in the Little Tennessee Valley in the 1880s, and claimed to have located Mialoquo. After the construction of Tellico Dam was announced in 1967, the University of Tennessee conducted salvage excavations at both Rose Island (40MR44) and Mialoquo (40MR3).</p><br>
<h3>Rose Island</h3><br>
<p>Rose Island was being used by hunter-gatherers on a seasonal basis by 6000 BC, and possibly as early as 7500 BC (the Icehouse Bottom site, which yielded material dating to 7500 BC, was located just over 2 mi north of Rose Island). These early inhabitants probably made use of the chert outcroppings found in the surrounding hills. Rose Island also saw a period of significant occupation from approximately 350 BC through 100 AD, during the Woodland period.</p><br>
<p>Archaic period artifacts found on Rose Island include notched and stemmed projectile points, splintered wedges, various ground stone artifacts, and a drill. Woodland period artifacts include projectile points, drills, scrapers, axes, gorgets, and a bird effigy. Several Woodland-period burials were also uncovered at Rose Island.</p><br>
<h3>Mialoquo</h3><br>
<p>The Mialoquo site was probably occupied as early as the Archaic period, but to what extent is unknown. Of the 60 features uncovered at the site, 8 (mostly refuse pits) were classified as Mississippian, the rest were Cherokee. The distribution of the features suggests a short-term occupation. The Qualla pottery type&mdash; which is associated with the Middle towns in North Carolina&mdash; comprised 13.5% of the site&#39;s 6,000+ sherds, lending support to the theory that refugees from the Middle towns lived at Mialoquo in the 1760s. The pottery assemblage was similar to that found at nearby Tomotley, also believed to have been a "refugee town."</p><br>
<p>The features uncovered at Mialoquo included the postmold layouts of a townhouse, 6 dwellings, and one smaller rectangular structure with an unknown purpose. The dwellings included one circular winter structure/rectangular summer structure pairing typical of Overhill houses. The townhouse was octagonal in shape and had a diameter ranging between 52 ft to 60 ft. The rectangular dwellings had lengths ranging from 22 ft to 32 ft and widths ranging from 12 ft to 14 ft. The circular "winter house" had a diameter of 23.5 ft and the unknown rectangular structure had dimensions of 15 ft x 9.6 ft.</p><br>
<p>Nearly 5,000 stone artifacts were recovered at Mialoquo, including projectile points, scrapers, drills, and a stone pipe.</p><br>
<p>Euro-American artifacts uncovered at Mialoquo included tobacco pipes, gun parts and ammunition, glass beads, and two Jew&#39;s harps.</p><br>
<p>The John Marshall House is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark at 818 East Marshall Street in Richmond, Virginia. It was the home of Chief Justice of the United States and Founding Father John Marshall, who was appointed to the court in 1801 by President John Adams and served for the rest of his life, writing such influential decisions as Marbury v. Madison  and McCulloch v. Maryland .</p><br>
<p>Built in 1790, the house was home to Marshall, his wife Mary Willis Ambler Marshall (known within the family as Polly), and their six children. Marshall lived at the house until his death in 1835.</p><br>
<p>The house is a Federal-style brick building featuring a dining room, parlor, and large parlor/dining room on the first floor and three bedchambers on the second. It was originally surrounded by an outbuildings including a law office, kitchen, laundry, and stables and sat on a full city block in Richmonds fashionable Court End residential neighborhood. Marshalls neighbors included the attorney John Wickham, who defended Aaron Burr in Burr&#39;s infamous treason trial.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Marshalls account books show that he began to make payments for the purchase of the property from "Mr. B. Lewis" on October 7, 1786, and finished the payments on November 19, 1786. The Marshalls called a small wooden house their home while the building on the corner of Marshall and Ninth Streets was being built. The actual date the Marshalls moved into their house is sometimes stated as 1788 and other times stated as January 1791. When John Marshall built his house, Richmonds population was rapidly growing and many new homes were being built. The John Marshall House was one of the first homes to be built in the beginnings of a neighborhood which would later be known as the Court End of Richmond.</p><br>
<p>The first insurance policy regarding this home, which is dated 1796, states that "whole square, with the house as it is now except for the little wing, and a wooden office on Marshall Street, a wooden kitchen on Ninth, and the laundry" were in John Marshalls ownership at that time. The insurance policy notes that the location of the previously mentioned buildings was lot 786 and that a stable was located at the extreme northwest corner of the square. Without deduction for decay, all the buildings on the property in 1796 were valued at $5500. Luckily for historians, John Marshall kept good records of his finances in his account book. In his account book, he recorded the names of everyone who worked on his home. Mr. Sydnor, Keeling and Smith, W. Goode, W. Duke, and W. B. Lewis are listed as working on the house, with the last payment for work on the home in November 1790. According to Marshalls account books, the total cost of the house was 1211 pounds, 1 shilling, and three pence. Though Marshall&#39;s account book shows the last payment for work on the house being in November 1790, construction of fences and outbuildings was still in progress during July 1791. Sometime before the insurance policy was updated in 1810, the John Marshall House expanded with a new wing and three porches, which were not included in the 1796 insurance policy.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The exterior appearance of the house has been described as "unpretentious" and "simple in outline and detail." The style of hand-carved woodwork that was common in eighteenth-century houses is found inside the John Marshall House. Panels cover one end of both the parlor and the library, which also both feature small cupboards beside the chimney. The main floor rooms all have dadoes except for the small addition added to the first floor. Though the dining room is absent of any paneling such as that located in the library and parlor, it has a "particularly beautiful" cornice and ornamented mantles. In Houses of Old Richmond, Mary Wingfield Scott describes the rooms as "bright and well proportioned" and notes how "particularly charming" the stairway is. She does, however, criticize the arrangement of the rooms as haphazard and unflattering, noting how upon entrance from a tiny vestibule the visitor must choose between turning right to the library or left to the parlor.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The house, while owned by John Marshalls daughter Mary, was rented out to people such as Thomas B. Bigger, Robert Gwathmey, Professor Charles H. Winston, Henry A. Wise, and Mrs. Mattie Paul Myers. By the time his granddaughters, the Misses Anne and Emily Harvie, came into ownership of this house, the lot had been shrunk to only 64 ft on Marshall Street and 154 ft on Ninth Street. Misses Anne and Emily Harvie sold the lot in 1907 to the City of Richmond, who planned to destroy the house and build John Marshall High School on the site. Womens organizations were able to successfully unite to preserve the John Marshall House. In 1911, the house was placed into the perpetual care of Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) who has operated it as a historic house museum ever since.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. In 2005, in honor of the 250th anniversary of John Marshall&#39;s birth and in recognition of more than 80 years of stewardship responsibility, the house was deeded to Preservation Virginia by the City of Richmond. Since then the house has undergone major restoration work including a new roof, repainting to the original color scheme, and other physical and mechanical upgrades.</p><br>
<p>The John Marshall House is open seasonally for drop-in tours and throughout the year by appointment and for special events.</p><br>
<p>The Poughkeepsie Trust Company building is located on Main Street in that city in the USA state of New York. It is immediately to the east of, and joined to, the Dutchess County Court House.</p><br>
<p>Local architect Percival Lloyd designed the building, the banks second on that site, as the Hudson Valleys first modern skyscraper at six stories in height. It cost $100,000 to build and included an ornately-carved stone facade. Brick, steel and stone were used in the interior framing. Inside, the ground floor was the site of a Mycenaean marble banking room, with intact mahogany furniture, brass fittings and bronze lighting. A special "ladies corridor" was built near the womens restroom so that women could go to and back from it without having to use the main corridor. The upper floors were reached by means of an elevator, then another pioneering piece of technology.</p><br>
<p>The three-bay Beaux Arts facade begins at the top with masks on the cornice and molded egg-and-dart rear modillion blocks. It gives way to a leafy swag motif above the molded frieze. Similar patterns continue down the stories, joined by quoined pilasters. The ground level is totally quoined and projects, with an intricate wrought-iron gate on the main door and decorative Doric columns. On the sides, a red-and-yellow brick diamond pattern runs from front to rear at the fifth story.</p><br>
<p>It opened in 1906. The New York City Water Supply Commission, then looking in the region for future supplies for the growing city, was an early tenant. It rented the entire fifth floor and half the fourth, ultimately planning and supervising the land acquisition and construction for what became the Catskill Aqueduct from the bank building.</p><br>
<p>The bank would eventually leave the building and become part of the Bank of New York. The county took it over, joining it to the adjacent courthouse, built a few years earlier. In 1982 the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places, one of three downtown bank buildings in the city eventually listed. Today it is headquarters to the district attorney&#39;s office.</p><br>
<p>Menokin, also known as Francis Lightfoot Lee House, was the plantation of Francis Lightfoot Lee near Warsaw, Virginia, built for him by his wife&#39;s father, Col. John Tayloe II, of nearby Mount Airy, the wealthiest planter in the country. Lee, a Founding Father, was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Menokin was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) documentation, including photos from the 1940s, shows the house standing and reported that it was in poor condition, awaiting a restorer. The National Park Service webpage shows the house in ruins, but reports that woodwork had been removed and placed in storage in the 1960s. Although the house has partly collapsed, the Menokin Foundation has developed a plan to restore the house using glass segments to fill missing portions of the building instead of trying to restore the house to its original condition.</p><br>
<h2>Native American settlement</h2><br>
<p>Before the Menokin plantation was ever developed, this area along Cat Point Creek (also called Rappahannock Creek) was home to the Rappahannock Indian Tribe. In 1608, Capt. John Smith explored the creeks that feed into the Rappahannock River and recorded his meetings with the Rappahannocks, which gives us a written glimpse into the area and its people at that time. The general plantation site was referred to as "Menokin" by the Rappahannocks. The meaning of the word is unknown today. Francis Lightfoot Lee kept the name for his home.</p><br>
<h2>Construction of Menokin and subsequent decline</h2><br>
<p>Menokin was built c. 1769 on the occasion of the marriage of Francis Lightfoot Lee and Rebecca Tayloe. Rebecca was the daughter of John Tayloe II, who built neighboring Mount Airy. John Tayloe II gave the couple the large plantation on Cat Point Creek, approximately five miles upstream from the Rappahannock River, and financed the construction of the two-story stone Menokin and its dependencies. Soon after, Francis Lightfoot Lee joined the cause of American independence, serving in the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1779 and signing the Declaration of Independence (together with his brother Richard Henry Lee) and the Articles of Confederation. Both Francis Lightfoot and Rebecca Tayloe Lee died in the winter of 1797. Menokin was then owned by Rebeccas nephew John Tayloe III, who lived at Mt. Airy and later built the Octagon House in Washington, D.C. Between 1809 and 1819, John Tayloe Lomax, another of John Tayloe IIs grandsons, lived at Menokin with his family. Lomax would later become the first Professor of Law at the University of Virginia and a circuit judge for counties of Virginia&#39;s Middle and Northern Necks, based at Fredericksburg. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Menokin passed hands several times and went into serious decline around 1935 when it lay, for the most part, vacant and crumbling before coming into possession of The Menokin Foundation in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Francis Lightfoot Lee</h2><br>
<p>The full story of Francis Lightfoot Lee, and the mark that he made on both the Commonwealth of Virginia and the developing United States of America has not been told. Bits and pieces come from many sources: his letters, letters about him, comments by friends and relatives, and the fact that he was a signer of both the Westmoreland Resolves (February 27, 1766) and the Declaration of Independence (1776). He served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, first from Loudoun, and then from Richmond County. He was in Philadelphia in 1776 as a Virginia delegate to the second Continental Congress, returning to Virginia in 1779. He served briefly in the Viate after that, but for the most part he was content to be at home at Menokin with his books and his farm and his beloved wife, Becky Tayloe. Research concerning the life and work of Francis Lightfoot Lee is an ongoing project of the Menokin Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>Although Menokin is now in ruin, a remarkable collection of Colonial architectural elements remains. Approximately 80 percent of Menokins original materials have survived, including: original stones, brick and mortar; queen posts and dragon beams; intact framing assemblages; and the interior woodwork. In 1940, while the house and one outbuilding were still standing, the Historic American Buildings Survey produced detailed photography and comprehensive measured drawings of the property. In 1964, the original pen and ink presentation drawings for Menokin were discovered among some Tayloe family papers in the attic of Mount Airy. Four years later, as the house was in serious trouble of collapsing, the interior woodwork was removed by the owner and put into storage. The surprisingly intact woodwork is back at Menokin and can be viewed at the Foundations King Conservation and Visitors Center. Menokin&#39;s dining room paneling was on loan to the Virginia Historical Society where it was on display in their "Story of Virginia" exhibit; the dining room paneling is now back at Menokin. In 1971, Menokin was designated a National Historic Landmark by the USA Department of the Interior. In 2014, the Menokin Foundation embarked on an $8.5 million (~$ in ) capital campaign to replace the missing walls and roof of the ruin with structural glass. The project is slated to be completed by 2024.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the Menokin Foundation built the Remembrance Structure, the second example of what they call "Dynamic Preservation," which is defined by a fluid and abstract interpretation of the past that connects the archaic to the modern. The wood-framed structure was built in a preservation workshop using historic methods. It uses modern translucent siding allowing the structure to glow as a memorial to the enslaved and their descendants.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>1657 John Stephens patents the Menokin Tract.</p><br>
<p>1734 Francis Lightfoot Lee born in Westmoreland County, VA on October 14.</p><br>
<p>1743 Charles Grymes leaves Menokin Tract to Philip and Frances Grymes Ludwell</p><br>
<p>1751 John Tayloe II acquires Menokin Tract.</p><br>
<p>1758 Francis Lee and Phillip Ludwell Lee among founders of Leesburg, VA.</p><br>
<p>1758-1769 Francis Lee serves in House of Burgesses from Loudoun County, VA.</p><br>
<p>1766 Francis Lee signs the Westmoreland Resolves against the Stamp Act.</p><br>
<p>1769 Francis Lee marries Rebecca Tayloe of Mt. Airy, Richmond County, VA.</p><br>
<p>1769 1,000 acre Menokin plantation a wedding gift from Colonel John Tayloe II.</p><br>
<p>1769 Menokin plans completed and mansion construction begun.</p><br>
<p>1769-1776 Francis Lee represents Richmond County in the Virginia House of Burgesses.</p><br>
<p>1771 Francis and Rebecca Lee move into Menokin.</p><br>
<p>1775-1779 Francis Lee a member of the Continental Congress.</p><br>
<p>1776 Francis Lee and Richard Henry Lee sign Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>1779 Francis Lee retires from Congress and returns to Menokin "with delight."</p><br>
<p>1780-1782 Francis Lee serves in the Virginia State Senate.</p><br>
<p>1797 Francis and Rebecca Lee die in January and are buried at Mount Airy.</p><br>
<p>1797 Menokin descends to heir of Francis Lightfoot Lee.</p><br>
<p>1799-1800 In a series of seven court-recorded transactions, John Tayloe III gains title to the entire Menokin property.</p><br>
<p>1809-1818 Menokin is home of John Tayloe Lomax, first professor of law at the University of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>1823 John and Anne Tayloe sell Menokin to Benjamin Boughton.</p><br>
<p>1836 Benjamin Boughton sells Menokin to Richard Henry Harwood</p><br>
<p>1872 Estate of Richard H. Harwood sells 700 acre of Menokin to John L. Irgens</p><br>
<p>1879 John L. Irgens defaults on payment and Menokin is bought at public auction by the Belfield family</p><br>
<p>1928 Virginia historical marker placed at Menokin.</p><br>
<p>1935 Menokin is inherited by E. Stuart Omohundro as specified in Alfred H. Belfield&#39;s will</p><br>
<p>1940 Historic American Buildings Survey documentation begun.</p><br>
<p>1964 Original pen and ink drawing of Menokin found among Tayloe family papers in the attic of Mt. Airy</p><br>
<p>1968 Paneling and interior woodwork removed by Omohundro family for safekeeping.</p><br>
<p>1968 Menokin placed on the Virginia Landmarks Register.</p><br>
<p>1969 Menokin listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>1971 Secretary of the Interior designates Menokin a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>1995 T. E. Omohundro gives the mansion, woodwork and 500 acre to The Menokin Foundation in his name, and as a memorial to his deceased sister Dora O. Ricciardi.</p><br>
<p>2002 The Menokin Foundation receives a Save America&#39;s Treasures Grant from the National Park Service to aid in preservation of the ruin.</p><br>
<p>2004 The Martin Kirwan King Conservation and Visitors Center is dedicated and opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>2005 Original interior woodwork returns to Menokin by Preservation Virginia</p><br>
<p>2006 Storage Facility is completed and opens to the public.</p><br>
<p>2015 The Glass House Project is launched.</p><br>
<p>2018 The Menokin Remembrance Structure is completed- honoring the enslaved and their descendants.</p><br>
<p>Holly Knoll, also known as the Robert R. Moton House, is a historic house in rural Gloucester County, Virginia, near Capahosic. It was the retirement home of the influential African-American educator Robert Russa Moton , and is the only known home of his to survive. It now houses the Gloucester Institute, a non-profit training center for African-American community leaders and educators. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Holly Knoll is located on the northeast bank of the York River, between the communities of Capahosic and Allmondsville. The main house is a -story brick building with a side gable roof, which is flanked by single-bay single-story wings. A two-story porch and portico extends across much of the facade, supported by smooth Tuscan columns. The interior is organized in a typical Colonial Revival central hall plan, and includes several pieces of furniture that originally belonged to Moton. The property also includes a reproduction of the log home in which Moton grew up.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1935 for Robert Russa Moton, and was his home until his death in 1940. Moton was one of the most influential African-American educators of his generation, succeeding Booker T. Washington in the leadership of Hampton University and the Tuskegee Institute, and helping found the National Urban League. The property was then transformed into a conference center, now The Gloucester Institute, dedicated to continuing Moton&#39;s educational legacy. It was at the center of strategy discussions amongst African-American intellectuals and activists during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Grant–Humphreys Mansion in Denver, Colorado, was built in 1902, in the Neoclassical style of architecture by Boal and Harnois, for James Benton Grant following his one term as the third Governor of Colorado . The house has been home to two families.</p><br>
<h2>Grant history</h2><br>
<p>Grant is best known for his role in the ore smelting industry, the first in Leadville, and then in Denver, where the Grant Smelting Company, located two miles northeast of downtown Denver, boasted the tallest furnace stack in the country and the third-largest in the world. Mr. Grants wife, former Mary Goodell Grant, was prominent in Denver society. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution and helped to found a home for destitute children. Following her husbands death in 1911, she continued to live in the house six more years, selling it in 1917 to Albert E. Humphreys.</p><br>
<h2>Humphreys history</h2><br>
<p>A.E. Humphreys is remembered as "The Wildcatter Deluxe" and the "King of the Wildcatters" for his successful discovery of oil in Wyoming, Oklahoma and Texas. He was also well known for his philanthropic activities, which were shared by his wife, Alice. The couple came to Denver in 1898 with their two sons Ira and Albert E. Jr. Ira married Lucille Pattison, and they lived with the senior Humphreys in the house until the deaths of his parents.</p><br>
<p>Ira was the mechanical genius of the family, while A.E. Jr. enjoyed the managerial side of the family oil business. Both young men were fascinated with airplanes and opened Denvers first commercial airport in 1918 at 26th Avenue and Oneida Street in North Park Hill, ten years prior to the Denver Municipal Airport that was eventually to become Stapleton International Airport. In 1919, Ira Boyd "Bumps" Humphreys formed the Curtiss-Humphreys Airplane Company. In 1941, Ira invented the Humphreys Spiral Concentrator, which was used extensively in the mining industry for the separation of minerals and heavy metals in low grade ores. And, in 1969, Ira and Albert were both inducted into the Colorado Aviation Hall of Fame, which is located in the Colorado Aviation Historical Societys Heritage Hall at the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum, Denver, Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>Curatorship</h2><br>
<p>The Colorado Historical Society took possession of the mansion, a bequest of the late Ira Boyd Humphreys, in 1976. The walls were originally covered in damask which fell into disrepair and has since been removed.</p><br>
<p>Vista House is a museum at Crown Point in Multnomah County, Oregon, that also serves as a memorial to Oregon pioneers and as a comfort station for travelers on the Historic Columbia River Highway. The site, situated on a rocky promontory, is 733 ft above the Columbia River on the south side of the Columbia River Gorge. The octagonal stone building was designed by Edgar M. Lazarus in the style of Art Nouveau, and completed in 1918 after nearly two years of construction.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, restoration on the building began, and lasted five years. The Vista House is located within the Corbett locality, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Vista House is a popular place for viewing the aurora borealis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The Vista House was designed by Edgar M. Lazarus, a renowned Oregon architect. With its high-grade marble interior and brass fixtures, some Oregonians at the time derided it as the "$100,000 Outhouse" during its construction. The initial funds for the project, allocated by the public, had totaled $3,812.35. According to an itemized list published by the Oregon Historical Society, the building itself eventually cost approximately $70,000, with an additional $9,000 for the accompanying rock wall; $8,000 for paving and gradation; $6,000 to the architect; and $3,000 for other miscellaneous costs.</p><br>
<p>The original idea for an observatory at the site came from Samuel Lancaster, the consulting engineer for the Columbia River Highway. Lancaster proposed "an observatory from which the view both up and down the Columbia could be viewed in silent communion with the infinite." Construction of the Vista House began December 29, 1916, The dedication was overseen by Frank Branch Riley of Portland.</p><br>
<p>Lancaster also suggested the name "Vista House." The Vista House Association, composed of 52 prominent Portland business and civic leaders, was established to raise money for the project. Funding subscriptions failed to raise sufficient money, and most of the cost of construction was paid by Multnomah County. Construction was supervised by John B. Yeon.</p><br>
<h4>Architectural design</h4><br>
<p>Lazarus&#39; design incorporates elements of the Jugendstil, the German interpretation of Art Nouveau which had been popular in Europe in the late 19th century up to 1910. The building is essentially a domed rotunda 44 ft in diameter with an octagonal plan on a 64 ft base which houses toilets and a gift shop. The rotunda is 55 ft high. Stairs lead from the rotunda to an elevated viewing platform at the base of the dome. The exterior is gray sandstone, with a green tile roof. The interior is extensively finished in marble, even in the toilets. The dome interior has bronze lining. The clerestory windows feature opalescent glass in a simple tracery pattern, with similar colored glass at the tops of the windows at the main level.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration efforts</h3><br>
<p>The building is a popular tourist stop for drivers on the Historic Columbia River Highway. The building was refurbished and the interior restored to its 1916 appearance; it reopened in 2005 after five years of restoration work. The roof was completely rebuilt with new tiles and an underlying membrane. Exterior restoration was complete by 2002. Interior work comprised finish repair and replacement, upgrading the sewer system, and the installation of a geothermal heat pump system. The restoration also made Vista House accessible to the handicapped with a disappearing lift between levels. From the top of Vista House, which is accessible by stairs, one can view Portland and Vancouver, Washington to the west. Beacon Rock, on the Washington side of the gorge, is visible to the east.</p><br>
<p>Vista House is owned by the Oregon Department of Transportation. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 5, 1974. Crown Point was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1971. Vista House is a major contributing structure in the Columbia River Highway National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Prestwould is a historic house near Clarksville, Virginia. It is the most intact and best documented plantation surviving in Southside Virginia. The house was built by Sir Peyton Skipwith, 7th Baronet Skipwith, who moved his family from his Elm Hill Plantation to Prestwould in 1797. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2003. It is located on the north side of the Roanoke River, 1 mi inland, approximately 6 mi southwest of the intersection of Route 15 and Route 701, and approximately one mile north of Clarksville&#39;s town limits. Now a museum property, it is open for tours from April to October, or by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Prestwould Plantation today consists of almost 46 acre on the north side of the Roanoke River. Its main house is situated on a hill overlooking the upper reaches of John H. Kerr Reservoir, a result of damming the river in the 1950s. The plantation complex includes eight buildings, all built before 1830 and most dating to the 1780s. The house is a handsome stone building with a hip roof and a pair of interior chimneys. The main facade is symmetrical, with seven bays. The center three bays of the first floor are sheltered by a gabled porch, supported by Doric columns. Similar porches are found on two other sides of the building. The secondary buildings of the complex are all wood-frame structures, and include an office, plantation store, slave quarters, and a pair of smokehouses.</p><br>
<p>Lima Stadium, built in the 1930s, is a historic stadium in Lima, Ohio. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. Its significance is listed as its architecture. Its historic and current use is a sports facility. It is the only high school stadium in Ohio to be recognized as a historic landmark. Currently it is the stadium of the Lima Senior Spartans, the Lima Central Catholic Thunderbirds, and the Lima Warriors.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Common and Public Garden are a pair of public parks in Boston, Massachusetts. Boston Common, established 1634, is one of the oldest public spaces in the nation, and the adjacent Boston Public Garden is a more manicured garden space which was established in 1837 on marshland that was filled in. The two were listed as a single entry on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, recognizing them as an important combination of municipal public spaces developed over more than three centuries. In 1987, the two were listed on the National Register separately, and each was also designated as a National Historic Landmark. The Boston Common, located east of the Public Garden, is separated from it by Charles Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Boston Common, established in 1634, is considered to be the oldest municipal public park in the nation. It original purpose was, as its name implies, used for common pasturage, as well as for other activities requiring large open space, such as militia training. From an early date it also served as a public space for passive recreation, with residents promenading on the property and using the Frog Pond for swimming and skating. A portion of the Common was taken in 1756 to establish the Central Burying Ground. To the Common&#39;s west was a marshland, part of which was used for ropemaking in 1794. This land was acquired by the town in 1824, but its development as a horticultural space did not begin until 1839.</p><br>
<p>Since then, the parks have been developed for recreational and aesthetic purposes, with the Common featuring larger open spaces that facilitate social and political gatherings, and the Public Garden providing a more manicured landscape for promenading. Both parks have been adorned with substantial public art, including examples by Augustus Saint Gaudens, Daniel Chester French, and others.</p><br>
<p>Gari Melchers Home and Studio, also known as Belmont, is a National Historic Landmark and historic house museum at 224 Washington Street in Falmouth, Virginia. This much-altered 18th-century house was the home and studio of the popular American artist Gari Melchers  from 1916 until his death. It was given to the state of Virginia by his widow, and is now administered by the University of Mary Washington. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, commemorating Melchers&#39; influential role in bringing American art to European attention.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Gari Melchers Home and Studio is located just west of the center of Falmouth, on the south side of Business United States Route 17. The property is 27 acre, roughly bisected by County Road 1001, which provides access to the main house. The house is a two-story wood-frame structure, its main block five bays wide, with a two-story ell extending it to the left, and a polygon-sided sunroom to the right. The oldest part of the house was built sometime in the mid-to-late 18th century, and achieved much of its present form during the ownership of the Ficklen family, which owned it from 1825 to 1916. In that year it was purchased by Gari Melchers and his wife Corinne, both artists, for $12,000 ($ in ). The stone studio building on the grounds, and a stone garage, both date to the period of the Melchers ownership, and the summer house was added by Mrs. Melchers sometime after her husbands death in 1932. After she died in 1955, Mrs. Melchers bequeathed the property to the state; it includes most of the couple&#39;s possessions in the house.</p><br>
<p>Gari Melchers was a popular, if not particularly innovative, painter, who was trained in Europe. In 1882 one of his paintings was accepted by the Salon of Paris, the most prestigious art exhibition of the period. Gari and Corinne Melchers settled at Belmont in 1916. His best known works include the murals depicting War and Peace in the rotunda of the Library of Congress in Washington, DC. Melchers&#39; work contributed to a general increase of interest in the fine arts in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Unlike most historic homes in the commonwealth of Virginia, it is not furnished with antiques that correspond to the house&#39;s origins. Rather, it is a snapshot of the international tastes and lifestyle of a famous artist, and is fully furnished with the unusual European antiques and objects Melchers and his wife collected. It is also an art museum with about 1,600 works of art, about 500 of which are Melchers’ paintings. Other works of art include his sketches and studies, works by other artists he collected, and paintings by his wife.</p><br>
